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Asia Pacific Regional Internet Governance Forum 2023 Brisbane Synthesis Document – Draft 1

Preamble

1 Leave a comment on paragraph 1 0 The Asia Pacific Regional Internet Governance Forum 2023 (APrIGF 2023) was held from 29-31 August in a hybrid format — virtually, and physically in Brisbane, Australia. Participants also joined from the nine local hubs1 located across Bangladesh, India, Philippines, and Sri Lanka.

2 Leave a comment on paragraph 2 2 The overarching theme for APrIGF 2023 was “Emerging Technologies – Is Asia Pacific Ready for the Next Phase of the Internet?”2. Over the past few years, there has been a rapid increase in the adoption and development of emerging technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Augmented and Virtual Reality (AR/VR), Internet of Things (IoT), robotics, big data, and 5G in the Asia Pacific (APAC) region. More recently, ChatGPT and other AI applications have revolutionised chatbots, search engines, image/video generators, among others. These technologies could have significant impacts on the social, economic, and environmental future of the region, particularly in the context of uneven digitalisation and millions still unconnected. The central question throughout the APrIGF 2023 event was: what should the next phase of the Internet look like in the APAC region?

3 Leave a comment on paragraph 3 0 The main theme incorporated three high-level thematic tracks, namely “Access & Inclusion”, “Trust”, and “Sustainability”. The use of high-level thematic tracks was to enable discussions on cross-cutting issues related to Internet Governance (IG) in the APAC region. This allows the APrIGF community to recognise and appreciate the complexity and interrelated nature of diverse IG issues and understand their significance at a policy level in all economies across the region.

4 Leave a comment on paragraph 4 1 As such, the APrIGF Multistakeholder Steering Group (MSG)3 adopted a more flexible and all-encompassing approach since the APrIGF 2021 program. These high-level themes are designed to encompass various sub-topics under each track, and participants are encouraged to approach policy discussions creatively in an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary manner.

5 Leave a comment on paragraph 5 1 As part of APrIGF 2023, a parliamentary track was held from 31 August–1 September. The parliamentary track gathered APAC government decision makers to discuss a range of Internet and digital issues, and to held these conversations with other stakeholders such as the technical community and youth. Also, the 2023 Asia Pacific Youth Internet Forum, the 2023 Pacific Internet Governance Forum and the 2023 NetThing were held concurrently with the APrIGF 2023 in Brisbane, Australia.

Access and Inclusion

6 Leave a comment on paragraph 6 1 The principle of universal access and inclusivity advocates that no one should be disadvantaged on the basis of their background, location, gender, disability, religion, caste, class or any other factors.

7 Leave a comment on paragraph 7 0 Meaningful and affordable access is still a big challenge in the Asia Pacific region, with millions still unconnected, especially from marginalised communities. There is a need for multi-stakeholder dialogue to focus on providing infrastructure and access to all, and to further enable the use of emerging technologies for socio-economic development.

8 Leave a comment on paragraph 8 1 Universal and meaningful access deserves further consideration, and not just limited to connectivity and infrastructure. Other aspects such as digital literacy and general access to information should be addressed. It is also important to adopt ways to measure access, and identify current methods to empirically track the benefits from increasing access and inclusivity.

9 Leave a comment on paragraph 9 0 With rapid development of emerging technologies, these technologies should provide an enabling platform for everyone to participate, raise their voices, and partake in the benefits.

No one left behind

10 Leave a comment on paragraph 10 1 There is vast uneven access and digitalisation discrepancies across the APAC region. Developed economies (e.g. Japan, Australia) have progressed to widely adopt emerging technologies, while many developing economies (e.g. Myanmar, Pacific Islands) are still struggling to get connected online due to factors such as a lack of infrastructure, digital literacy etc. Developed economies should consider providing support to developing economies, such as forming partnerships in building infrastructure and digital skilling, to address the gaps within the region.

11 Leave a comment on paragraph 11 0 In an increasingly interconnected society, lack of access to the Internet can tremendously impact daily life activities. For example, some organisations (e.g. banks) withdraw physical provision of services to push for web-based services, justifying closure of offices in small communities (and even in cities). Such decisions affect the daily operations and lives of communities.

12 Leave a comment on paragraph 12 0 There is a need to identify innovative approaches to connect the population in remote and geographically inaccessible areas. Technical (e.g. distance, remoteness) as well as adoption challenges (e.g. language, disability, literacy) need to be addressed.

13 Leave a comment on paragraph 13 1 In many areas with no Internet connectivity or weak mobile signal penetration, Community Radios (CRs) serve as the medium of communication. In addition, Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites are potential tools that provide cost-effective Internet access to remote and inaccessible regions. Such technologies help to bridge the communication divide, safeguard digital rights, as well as promote inclusivity and freedom of expression.

14 Leave a comment on paragraph 14 0 On the other hand, “inclusivity” would also consider the rights of certain communities on refusal to get connected online. Various factors could contribute to the refusal– for example, an Indonesian village had requested to be disconnected4 to protect their community from negative impacts from accessing the Internet. Corresponding benefits or risks from these refusals should be assessed and discussed with these communities. Potential solutions include capacity building, education and better regulation to eliminate the negative effects from which these communities could suffer.

Digital transformation initiatives

15 Leave a comment on paragraph 15 0 If we consider that equitable access to information is a human right — that it is a necessity like food, clothing and shelter; that the Internet is now (or should be) a mainstream service — then universal and meaningful access must be available to all.

16 Leave a comment on paragraph 16 0 With the wide adoption of the Internet, digital transformation has been a core focus area for many economies in the APAC region. Although there are unique challenges to different economies, significant efforts have been put in place for building a digitally enabled environment. For instance, organisations such as the United National Development Program have been supportive in facilitating digital transformation in small island nations in the Pacific region.

17 Leave a comment on paragraph 17 1 Progressing digitally brings about various benefits; however, corresponding unintended implications should also be considered. Potential concerns include widening the digital divide, increasing misinformation, and rising cybersecurity threats. Using digital identity systems as an example, measures (e.g. a civil registration system) should be developed to ensure sufficient data governance, data privacy and an appropriate justice framework. 

18 Leave a comment on paragraph 18 1 Further collaborative efforts across the region and different stakeholders are needed to ensure consistent progress towards a digital economy.

International Domain Names as a solution

19 Leave a comment on paragraph 19 0 The diversity of languages and scripts used in the APAC region is large, and many do not speak English or do not use English as their primary language. The language barrier is one of the key obstacles to the remaining unconnected population getting online. Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs) — domain names in local languages and scripts — will connect the next billion users to the Internet. IDNs will allow for a multilingual Internet, and users will be able to communicate online in their preferred languages/scripts.

20 Leave a comment on paragraph 20 0 Websites with content in local languages will be truly meaningful with corresponding domain names in local languages/scripts (i.e. website search will also be in the local language/script). In addition, IDNs will also allow for cultural preservation, retaining the roots and languages/scripts of many peoples (e.g. there are over 100 languages/dialects spoken by Aborigines in Australia; Indonesia has a wide range of scripts used across the country). Further, there is potential for development of IDNs use through voice mechanism, shifting away from only relying on the use of texts and creating opportunities to provide access to populations who are unable to type.

21 Leave a comment on paragraph 21 1 In the past 20 years, the multi-stakeholder community has moved ahead with efforts on addressing challenges on the use of IDNs. Two key aspects worked on were technology (setting technical standards and specifications) and policies (discussions on security issues such as homoglyphs). Progress on both aspects facilitates IDNs adoption.

22 Leave a comment on paragraph 22 0 More recently, the community is working together to ensure Universal Acceptance (UA), allowing for all domain names to be accepted and functioning across all systems. At the current stage, the main focus will be on increasing awareness and demand for IDNs.

23 Leave a comment on paragraph 23 0 Educating on the importance of IDNs to enhance digital inclusion is key. The Internet is only truly inclusive if it offers content, websites, interfaces, systems and other features in languages other than English. With the adoption of emerging technologies, there is a risk of biased machine learning (such as large language models with artificial intelligence based applications) as most content online is still in English and not truly reflective of the languages/scripts used by the global population.

Governments as key players to enhance Access and Inclusion

24 Leave a comment on paragraph 24 1 Governments lead the way
Governments play a key role in leading efforts towards enhancing access and inclusion. Governments need to ensure digital public services are accessible to all. Accessibility level should also be measured through a standards-based approach. Referring to standard-setting bodies such as the Assistive Technology Development Organisation (ATDO), international standards and best practices should be adopted and enforced by governments.

25 Leave a comment on paragraph 25 0 Certain direct measures to enable access, especially for marginalised groups, can also be taken. One such example is the Indira Gandhi Smartphone Scheme in Rajasthan, India, where smartphones were distributed to women and students.

26 Leave a comment on paragraph 26 0 Procuring accessible ICT equipment
It would be useful for governments’ procurement policies to mandate inclusive and accessibility features for all purchased Information and Communications Technology (ICT) systems, equipment, and services. When governments adopt such accessibility-centric policies, it can create a ripple effect on the rest of the technology sector to adopt inclusive design principles and to add value to their products.

27 Leave a comment on paragraph 27 0 For instance, UA-readiness and accessibility for persons with disability (PWDs) requirements should be included in the policies. These accessibility features would encourage the use of IDNs (leading to increased connected users), as well as create a huge impact on providing assistive services to PWDs. As an example, the ‘Be Safe’5 project in Sri Lanka aims to help the female disability community through helpline, text and voice services. Such features should be integrated with official disaster management systems to enhance their impact at the national level.

28 Leave a comment on paragraph 28 0 Identifying emerging technologies’ value
Governments should also take an active role in assessing impact of new technology deployment, and determine which ones could potentially enhance access and inclusion.

29 Leave a comment on paragraph 29 0 Maintaining open information flow
While it is important for governments to focus on protection against online abuse activities, it is essential to balance these efforts (and corresponding national legislations) against equitable access to information and freedom of expression. Certain mitigation actions such as Internet shutdowns could cause asymmetry in information flows, restricting access to certain populations.

30 Leave a comment on paragraph 30 1 Providing access to information through public education institutions
Another critical aspect in enhancing inclusion and access to information is the presence of an effective library service, to which the whole community has access to. Public libraries, or other similar organisations providing information to the public, are usually supported financially and administratively by local governments. Also, these organisations’ roles are usually defined by legislation through policies developed in consultation with communities.

31 Leave a comment on paragraph 31 1 Hence, governments play a key role in ensuring libraries or similar organisations continue to provide such critical services, and are accessible to the public. This also includes procuring equipment that provide access at low cost (or no cost), instructions in local languages, use of assistive technology to encourage use of marginalised communities.

32 Leave a comment on paragraph 32 2 Achieving SDGs
All economies should work on their Voluntary National Reviews (VNR) for documenting progress towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SGDs). Specifically, VNRs should include information on progress for overcoming digital divide, promoting digital literacy, and other similar efforts.

Public-private partnerships

33 Leave a comment on paragraph 33 0 In addition to governments leading the way, private sector organisations can also contribute significantly to enhancing access and inclusivity. Public-private partnerships are needed to further such developments.

34 Leave a comment on paragraph 34 1 As an example, the New Zealand National Library (part of a government department) and the national professional library association collaborated during the COVID-19 pandemic to ensure ongoing provision of access to information. With fixed-term funding from the government, public libraries were able to remain open during the pandemic, and adapted their provided services during the “lockdown period”.

35 Leave a comment on paragraph 35 0 Focusing on above-discussed use of IDNs as a way to increase accessibility and inclusivity– while governments could lead the effort with UA-ready system procurement processes, private sector could play a role by creating incentives such as a better placement on search engine searches for websites/applications with digital inclusion aspects implemented (e.g. use of IDNs and local content). 

36 Leave a comment on paragraph 36 2 On the wider strategy of procuring accessible ICT equipment, governments could also provide funding to the private sector to adopt similar technologies. Further, policies and legislation should encourage infrastructure development and commercial initiatives for increasing accessibility and inclusivity, especially in areas with geographical, demographic, and discriminatory barriers. 

Capacity building to address Digital Divide

37 Leave a comment on paragraph 37 0 When addressing the digital divide issue, capacity building and digital skilling are equally important. Referring to the Indira Gandhi Smartphone Scheme in which physical resources (i.e. smartphones) were provided to women and students, more emphasis should also be placed on ensuring digital literacy and safe use (i.e. safe from cybercrimes like online sexual harassment, identify theft, and others) of the devices.

38 Leave a comment on paragraph 38 1 With increasing use of the Internet, applications, and digital content, it is vital to ensure media literacy among all users, especially vulnerable groups such as youths, elderly and others. In addition to basic literacy skills, investing in professional development capacity building efforts could also lead to a more diverse and robust workforce in the APAC region.

The role of youth

39 Leave a comment on paragraph 39 0 As current and future leaders, youth have significant capabilities and potential to shape the future of the Internet. The Internet Society Youth Policy Statement6 has been a testament to the importance of supporting youth participation in IG, allowing youths to discuss and present their unique views on ongoing challenges and issues.

40 Leave a comment on paragraph 40 0 It is vital to continue to support youth participation within the IG ecosystem. In addition to funding their participation, other areas include providing support to youth initiatives, opportunities to upskill, as well as facilitating connectivity and networking among youths and with other stakeholders.

41 Leave a comment on paragraph 41 0 The Internet Governance Forum platform can provide support through collaboration with youth organisations and initiatives, helping to amplify the voice of youths. Such efforts can be carried out through support to national, sub-regional and regional youth IGF initiatives and offering opportunities for youths to progress within the IG ecosystem.

42 Leave a comment on paragraph 42 0 Protecting youths’ social activities and political views on the Internet is also crucial to increasing and retaining youth participation in IG. Barriers to accessing information and expressing views online could be a cause of minimal or reducing youth participation in IG dialogues. Youth voices must be heard at local, regional, and global IG events.

43 Leave a comment on paragraph 43 0 A good example of “hearing youth voices” at the IGF are activities coordinated through the Youth Standing Group (which forms the IGF Working Groups Sub-Committee annually). The Youth Standing Group has launched its own consultation process to enable youth members to share their views on matters of concern. Within the APAC region, the second APAC Youth Leaders Dialogue was also held during AP yIGF 2023 with representatives around APAC participating and sharing on how to build collaborative partnerships7.  The IGF Youth Summit at the annual IGF is also a key initiative to allow youths participating from around the world to connect. These ongoing efforts are essential to further youth involvement and participation.

Trust

44 Leave a comment on paragraph 44 1 The adoption of emerging technologies can only be meaningful if communities repose their trust in the processes (and key personnel) behind the former. Online safety, digital security, free and accurate flow of information, data privacy and cybersecurity, in general, all impact the formation and breaking of trust. However, trust in global, regional and national Internet governance (IG) processes is no less critical. Same for laws and policies meant to regulate the digital ecosystem at the national level.

45 Leave a comment on paragraph 45 0 Trust and accountability have to be discussed together because in order to foster growth and innovation, there needs to be a certain level of trust among stakeholders. However, that trust can only be sustained if there are measures in place to ensure accountability. Once communities see how stakeholders are held accountable for their actions, trust will grow. Only when there is trust across different stakeholders (including governments, civil society, technical community and academia), can a trustworthy global digital landscape be established.

46 Leave a comment on paragraph 46 0 While it has been argued that current times can be characterised as post-truth, and establishing trust in such an environment can be challenging, we need to develop innovative solutions to foster trust in the Internet, including the processes and infrastructure that underpin it. For example, the idea of mathematical trust, wherein two parties interacting or transacting on the Internet can trust each other by relying on mathematical principles, can be considered by stakeholders in the APAC region and beyond as a solution. Wider adoption of blockchain technology, which has mathematical trust at its core, may be helpful in fostering trust in the Internet.

47 Leave a comment on paragraph 47 0 Strong encryption of personal data and end-to-end encryption of data in transit are also important measures for establishing trust. The long-term impact of ideas such as client-side scanning should be considered, and a watch should be kept on actors that are pushing to break or weaken encryption and the protection of data and communications.

48 Leave a comment on paragraph 48 0 Trust in Internet technologies can only be sustainable if the concerns of youths, children and marginalized communities are taken into account. The idea of consent is closely linked to trust a user poses in a platform. In order to establish an environment of trust between stakeholders (especially with end users and the private sector), ways to obtain informed and easy-to-understand consent should be devised, and the option to withdraw consent and delete user data should be provided.

Securing the cyberspace

49 Leave a comment on paragraph 49 0 With increasing adoption of emerging technologies, the issue of cybersecurity becomes a crucial one.  Further, the COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to a dramatic rise in the use of digital technology, which has increased the attack surface for cybercriminals. While efforts are being made by individual industries, governments and civil society, it is crucial for all — especially in APAC— to enhance collaboration in forming a trustworthy cybersecurity governance architecture.8

50 Leave a comment on paragraph 50 0 The most important and contentious geopolitical resource today is information. Data-driven innovation is transforming international relations in addition to upending economies and societies. Democracies must create new national security and economic plans that take into account the geopolitics of information if they want to compete and succeed in the twenty-first century.

51 Leave a comment on paragraph 51 0 Securing cyberspace in APAC and beyond will require initiating and continuing discussions on emerging technologies such as 5G, Artificial Intelligence (AI), structural architectural advances in Service Based Architecture, zero trust, deployments and secure certificate management. There is also a need to explore programs and educational efforts aimed at teaching people how to use the Internet safely, protect their data, and recognize online threats.

52 Leave a comment on paragraph 52 2 Gaps in the Pacific Islands
Some geographies — like the Pacific Islands9 — are overlooked in the debates on cybersecurity. There has recently been a spike in cyber incidents around the Pacific islands, especially in parts of Fiji and Tonga, which has been often overlooked compared to other geographies which are well covered in the media. The imbalance of deployment of technology in the Pacific Islands compared to other developed regions has led to a rise in cyber incidents. The gaps in technical, policy and business aspects of cybersecurity must be addressed in the Pacific Islands. Technical safeguards should be put in place to address the impact at the human level, especially financially to the civilians in the Pacific Islands.

53 Leave a comment on paragraph 53 4 Developing gender-response cybersecurity policies
Women and girls are disproportionately affected by cyberbullying, online harassment, and stalking. They are also more likely to be victims of identity theft and online fraud. Additionally, women and girls are often underrepresented in the cybersecurity field. This means that they are less likely to have the skills and knowledge to protect themselves from cyberattacks. adopting gender-responsive cybersecurity policies10 that takes into account the unique risks and challenges faced by women and girls in the digital world.

54 Leave a comment on paragraph 54 0 A gender-responsive cybersecurity policy can help to address these challenges by raising awareness of the unique risks and challenges faced by women and girls in the digital world, and providing resources and support to help women and girls protect themselves from cyberattacks, as well as supporting the participation of women and girls in the cybersecurity field.

55 Leave a comment on paragraph 55 0 Some recommendations for developing a gender-responsive cybersecurity policy that can be implemented within APAC economies:

  • 56 Leave a comment on paragraph 56 0
  • Conduct a gender assessment of cybersecurity risks and challenges. This will help to identify the specific needs of women and girls in the community.
  • Develop policies and procedures that are gender-sensitive. This includes considering the needs of women and girls when developing technical solutions, such as authentication and authorization systems.
  • Provide training and awareness-raising to all employees on gender-responsive cybersecurity. This training should cover topics such as cyberbullying, online harassment, and online fraud.
  • Support the participation of women and girls in the cybersecurity field. This can be done by providing scholarships, mentorship programs, and other forms of support.

57 Leave a comment on paragraph 57 0 The best approach will vary depending on the specific context of each economy. The recommendations above provide a starting point for developing a policy that will help to protect all people from cyberattacks, regardless of gender.

58 Leave a comment on paragraph 58 0 It is also important to ensure that gender-responsive cybersecurity policies are developed and implemented in a participatory and inclusive manner. This means involving women and girls in the policy development process and ensuring that their voices are heard. It also means considering the needs of different groups of women and girls, such as those from marginalized communities.

Balancing data privacy, safety and security concerns

59 Leave a comment on paragraph 59 0 The APAC region is increasingly becoming a target for cyberattacks, with governments and law enforcement agencies (LEAs) increasingly using security measures to protect users from harm. However, certain actions taken to address online safety issues can have negative consequences, including but not limited to the following: 11

  • 60 Leave a comment on paragraph 60 0
  • Undermining user privacy: When security is broken, it will be easier for malicious actors to intercept and steal sensitive data. This can put users’ privacy at risk.
  • Eroding trust in online platforms: When users know that their security is not guaranteed, they are less likely to trust online platforms. This can make it difficult for businesses to operate and for individuals to access essential services.
  • Enabling government surveillance: When governments break security for online safety, it gives them more tools to monitor and control their citizens. This can be used to suppress dissent and silence marginalized voices.

61 Leave a comment on paragraph 61 0 In recent years, there has been a growing trend of governments and LEAs in the APAC region breaking security for purposes of enhancing online safety. This includes measures such as mandating backdoor encryption, requiring social media platforms to remove harmful content, and conducting surveillance of online communications.

62 Leave a comment on paragraph 62 0 For example, in China, the government requires all social media platforms to operate under a real-name registration system. This allows the government to track and monitor users’ online activities. The Chinese government also has a strict censorship regime that requires social media platforms to remove content that is deemed to be subversive or harmful to national security. In India, the government has passed a number of laws that give it broad powers to surveil online communications (e.g. the Information Technology Act allows the government to intercept and monitor communications without a warrant).​ Other countries in the APAC region, such as Vietnam, Indonesia, and Thailand, have also passed laws that restrict online freedom and give the governments more power to surveil its citizens.

63 Leave a comment on paragraph 63 0 It is important to find a balance between protecting users from harm and promoting trust in the digital economy. This can be done by developing transparent and accountable content moderation policies, by ensuring that security measures are not used to undermine user privacy, and by promoting the use of open source and interoperable technologies.​

64 Leave a comment on paragraph 64 0 The following are some recommendations for addressing the challenges of online safety and security in the APAC region:

  • 65 Leave a comment on paragraph 65 1
  • Governments and law enforcement agencies should avoid breaking security for the purposes of online safety. Instead, they should focus on measures that protect user privacy and security, such as investing in cybersecurity education and promoting the use of strong encryption.
  • Social media platforms and other online platforms should develop transparent and accountable content moderation policies. These policies should be developed in consultation with stakeholders, including civil society organizations and representatives of marginalized groups.
  • Governments should promote the use of open source and interoperable technologies. This will make it more difficult for governments to censor the internet and will give users more control over their data.

66 Leave a comment on paragraph 66 0 Content moderation policies
Content moderation policies are used by social media platforms and other online platforms to remove harmful content, such as hate speech, misinformation, and disinformation. These policies can play an important role in protecting users and promoting democracy online.

67 Leave a comment on paragraph 67 0 However, content moderation policies can also be used to stifle dissent and silence marginalized voices.12 For example, governments can pressure social media platforms to remove content that is critical of the government or that challenges the status quo. Additionally, social media platforms can use their content moderation policies to promote their own business interests, even if this means suppressing certain types of content.

68 Leave a comment on paragraph 68 0 There are a number of ways that content moderation policies can be used to advance technology for democracy. For example, these policies can be used to:

  • 69 Leave a comment on paragraph 69 0
  • Protect users from harmful content: Content moderation policies can be used to remove harmful content, such as hate speech, misinformation, and disinformation. This can help to create a safer and more welcoming online environment for all users.
  • Promote freedom of expression: Content moderation policies can be used to protect users’ right to freedom of expression. This includes protecting the right to express dissent and to challenge the status quo.
  • Support marginalised groups: Content moderation policies can be used to support marginalised groups by protecting them from online bullying, harassment, and discrimination.
  • Increase transparency and accountability: Content moderation policies can be used to increase transparency and accountability in the tech sector. This can help to ensure that content moderation decisions are made in a fair and impartial manner.

70 Leave a comment on paragraph 70 0 There are a number of challenges and opportunities associated with using content moderation policies to advance technology for democracy. It can be difficult to define what constitutes harmful content. This is especially true in the context of social media, where there is a wide range of user-generated content.

71 Leave a comment on paragraph 71 0 Balancing freedom of expression and protection from harm, content moderation policies need to strike a balance between protecting users from harm and respecting their right to freedom of expression. This can be a difficult task, especially in cases where the two values conflict. Content moderation policies need to be implemented in a way that prevents bias and discrimination. This can be a challenge, especially given the complexity of AI algorithms that are often used to moderate content.

72 Leave a comment on paragraph 72 0 Following are some ways through which content moderation can be improved:

  • 73 Leave a comment on paragraph 73 0
  • Using technology to improve content moderation: Technology can be used to improve the accuracy and efficiency of content moderation. For example, AI algorithms can be used to identify harmful content at scale.
  • Promoting transparency and accountability: Content moderation platforms can increase transparency and accountability by providing users with more information about how content moderation decisions are made.
  • Engaging with stakeholders: Content moderation platforms can engage with stakeholders, such as civil society organizations and representatives of marginalized groups, to develop and implement content moderation policies that are fair and inclusive.
  • Guidelines for trusted notifiers: Civil society, technology community, law enforcement agencies and governments need to work together on developing a guideline at the APAC level for trusted notifiers.

Creating a Safe Digital Space for future generations

74 Leave a comment on paragraph 74 0 Children are growing up in a world where technology is increasingly pervasive, and their data is being collected and used in a variety of ways. This presents both opportunities and risks. On the one hand, children can benefit from access to information and educational resources, and from the ability to connect with friends and family members from all over the world. On the other hand, children are vulnerable to online predators, cyberbullying, and the misuse of their data.13

75 Leave a comment on paragraph 75 0 It is essential that we co-create a digital future for children that protects their rights and well-being, while also allowing them to benefit from the opportunities that technology has to offer. This requires an intergenerational, multistakeholder dialogue. Children themselves must have a voice in shaping the digital world that they will inherit. Governments, businesses, civil society organizations, and parents also have a role to play.

76 Leave a comment on paragraph 76 0 There are a number of key issues that need to be considered in co-creating a digital future for children. These include:

  • 77 Leave a comment on paragraph 77 0
  • Data protection: Children’s data is particularly sensitive, and it is important to protect it from unauthorized access and misuse. This can be done through a combination of legal and technical measures.
  • Online safety: Children need to be protected from online predators, cyberbullying, and other forms of harm. This can be done through education, awareness-raising, and technical measures such as parental controls.
  • Digital literacy: Children need to be equipped with the skills, knowledge and agency they need to navigate the digital world safely and responsibly. This includes developing their critical thinking skills and their ability to identify and avoid misinformation.

78 Leave a comment on paragraph 78 0 The following are some recommendations on different stakeholders’ roles for co-creating a digital future for children:

  • 79 Leave a comment on paragraph 79 0
  • Governments should develop and implement comprehensive laws and policies to protect children’s data and online safety. These laws and policies should be developed in consultation with children themselves, as well as with other stakeholders such as businesses, civil society organizations, and parents.
  • Businesses should adopt responsible data collection and processing practices. This includes obtaining consent from parents or guardians before collecting or using children’s data, and using the data only for the purposes for which it was collected.
  • Civil society organizations should play a role in educating children and parents about digital literacy and online safety. They can also work to develop and promote child-friendly technologies.
  • Parents and children should learn more about online safety and help develop healthy digital habits. They should also be aware of the risks and benefits of online technology, and take steps to protect their personal data.

Impacts of Data Protection Laws

80 Leave a comment on paragraph 80 0 Data protection laws in the APAC region have become a significant topic of discussion in various economies, including Indonesia, India, and the Philippines. These laws aim to protect personal data processing and grant data subjects more control over their data.

81 Leave a comment on paragraph 81 0 However, despite their well-intentioned goals, some provisions within these data protection laws pose threats to civic freedoms, including freedom of expression and the press.14 Such laws can inadvertently shrink the operational space for civil society organizations.

The risks associated with data protection laws include:

  • 82 Leave a comment on paragraph 82 0
  • Disproportionate compliance costs are imposed on data controllers across various sectors.
  • Potentially leading to financial and reputational risks.
  • Eroding trust from donors and supporters.
  • Misuse of these laws to stifle criticism and dissent, as seen in cases like Hungary and Greece, where the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) was used against media organisations.

83 Leave a comment on paragraph 83 0 There is a need to identify potential solutions to address these challenges and maintain civil society resilience in the face of evolving data protection laws.

84 Leave a comment on paragraph 84 0 Indonesia
Indonesia’s Personal Data Protection Law has raised concerns among Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) due to its lack of technical safeguards, designated data protection officers, and potential backlash. The law focuses on personal data protection, excluding non-personal data, and requires consent for data processing. However, some exemptions allow data processing without explicit consent, raising concerns about government powers. The Act establishes a data protection board, but its independence and composition remain concerning.

85 Leave a comment on paragraph 85 0 India
Similarly, the Aadhaar system collects extensive personal data in India, including fingerprints and retina scans. The Right to Information Act in India could limit access to information, and excessive delegation of authority to regulations raises questions. Penalties for data breaches differ for data principals and fiduciaries, with potential implications for CSOs. Additional obligations for significant data fiduciaries may increase compliance costs and impact CSO operations.

86 Leave a comment on paragraph 86 0 Philippines
In the Philippines, data privacy laws aim to ensure the lawful handling of personal data while safeguarding human rights and privacy. However, they can be subject to abuse, misinterpretations, and government actions that can limit access to information. CSOs need help complying with data privacy laws, including financial constraints and a lack of trained personnel. To enhance resilience, CSOs can upskill, participate in policy-making processes, and collaborate with other CSOs. Transnational collaboration is essential in advocating for robust data protection while safeguarding civic freedoms.

87 Leave a comment on paragraph 87 0 Compliance with laws
Strengthening the support network for CSOs, including legal experts, public advocates, and digital security experts, is crucial for compliance with data protection laws and data privacy advocacy. Some examples of ongoing efforts to build capacity and address specific challenges are:

  • 88 Leave a comment on paragraph 88 0
  • Identifying and targeting groups that have yet to receive training on digital security and data privacy to ensure that capacity-building efforts are practical.
  • Developing privacy policies within organizations to enhance compliance with data protection laws.
  • Supporting litigation efforts related to digital rights and data protection.

89 Leave a comment on paragraph 89 0 Connecting and forming alliances among data privacy activists and advocates globally and regionally, particularly in APAC, is essential to work towards more rights-respecting and proportionate data protection laws collectively.

A case study on Indonesia

90 Leave a comment on paragraph 90 0 Data collection processes in Indonesia, particularly for programs like societal protection, have become extensive and increasingly automated in recent years. While the concepts of data application and data justice are crucial, they often lack real-world examples. The Village Information System (VIS) in Indonesia plays a vital role in this context, and the principles of data justice can be used to analyse the implementation of data collection programs.15

91 Leave a comment on paragraph 91 0 Indonesia’s vast population and social protection programs necessitate substantial data collection efforts, but the impact of data analysis still requires determination. Data sovereignty is a significant concern, especially at the local and village levels. The VIS, mandated by law, supports social protection programs by collecting and analyzing data. Various actors are involved in data collection programs, and initiatives like public data trusts aim to coordinate them for better governance. Challenges include consent, data storage, compensation, and public data safety.

92 Leave a comment on paragraph 92 0 Indonesia’s pursuit of sustainable development relies heavily on evidence-based policy-making, particularly at the national and local levels. However, a significant challenge lies in the fragmented nature of official data, with ministries and agencies needing to share data with regional governments and villages more effectively. To address this, the Indonesian government introduced the Electronic Based Government System and One Data Indonesia policies to enhance data integrity through integrated governance. Nevertheless, there’s room for improvement in their digital transformation strategy, especially concerning data justice considerations.

93 Leave a comment on paragraph 93 0 Promoting effective collaboration between government agencies and civil society is a multifaceted challenge. While some governments have established petition platforms that empower individuals and groups to voice their concerns and trigger responses from regulatory authorities, fostering improvements in public services and policies, such mechanisms are not universally embraced, especially in culturally diverse contexts and when dealing with complex issues like data.

94 Leave a comment on paragraph 94 0 The possible privacy, technology-related, and discrimination challenges associated with implementing the VIS represent the most basic form of data management within the bureaucratic framework. To address these issues, the Public Data Trusts (PDTs) model for VIS can be adopted and cooperative efforts between government agencies and civil society should be promoted. Ensuring the protection of data sovereignty for village communities is of the utmost importance throughout this endeavor.

95 Leave a comment on paragraph 95 0 In Indonesia, for instance, the government is crafting ethical guidelines for AI and regulations for data scraping, seeking input from civil society to ensure a well-rounded perspective in the policy-making process. This consultation serves as a vital avenue for civil society to share their views and insights.

Contours of AI Regulation

96 Leave a comment on paragraph 96 0 There is an urgent need to focus on AI ethics and regulation as some governments (especially in South and South East Asia) and private sectors employ AI tools for undermining the rights of peoples of the region. Academia and civil society along with other stakeholders need to work together in finding, highlighting and addressing the potential dangers of AI.

97 Leave a comment on paragraph 97 0 The APAC region has vast cultural, social, and economic diversity. Even the forms of governments vary across economies. It is important to factor in this diversity when studying the impact of AI within the region.

98 Leave a comment on paragraph 98 0 In addition, safeguards need to be placed for preventing the use of AI for spreading disinformation and producing echo-chambers, especially during elections.

99 Leave a comment on paragraph 99 1 AI and the job market
While there are genuine apprehensions about the negative fallout of the AI applications, especially on the job market, AI can also be used for positive purposes. Lessons can be drawn from the Industrial Revolution which also initially sparked worries about the impact of machines on labo. But human societies found ways to adapt, lift people out of poverty, and increase productivity.

100 Leave a comment on paragraph 100 0 Large language models (LLMs) are being developed at a rapid pace, but these are mostly concentrated in the United States. There is a need to develop LLMs in the APAC region preferably with an open source architecture. People of the APAC region not just need to be consumers and data providers for LLMs made elsewhere, but should also be developers of LLMs.16

101 Leave a comment on paragraph 101 3 Economies like Japan, South Korea, India, and China have taken steps towards AI governance. Other economies in the APAC region need to expeditiously create appropriate frameworks to govern and regulate AI.

102 Leave a comment on paragraph 102 0 While investing resources in AI regulation is important, it is also equally important to invest in societies — because people are the ultimate users of AI and it is on their usage patterns that the potential of AI to create or destruct depends.17

103 Leave a comment on paragraph 103 0 Mitigating biases in AI models
Biases in AI models is a hot topic of discussion in the region. Bias in AI tools leads to discrimination of marginalised communities. There is an urgent need to design AI tools that limit bias, and enable — rather than discriminate — marginalised communities across the region.

104 Leave a comment on paragraph 104 0 Fostering Accountability and Transparency in All Stakeholders
Inclusive dialogue as a foundation for shaping governance builds trust, especially when diverse cultures and views need to be acknowledged. Future development of the current multistakeholder model needs to address how certain stakeholders do not feel included.

105 Leave a comment on paragraph 105 0 As efforts on Internet regulation differ by region, economy, or jurisdiction, a comprehensive publicly available repository of global attempts—such as the Tech Policy Atlas18—serves to build trust and advance the development of Internet governance.19 Barriers in accessing existing databases inhibit evidence-based independent research and the development of actionable suggestions to governments/industries—and ultimately cause undermining of trust.

106 Leave a comment on paragraph 106 0 This echoes the driving force behind APrIGF’s own Synthesis Document, which is also a collaborative and collective effort, which later becomes publicly available output20.

Sustainability

107 Leave a comment on paragraph 107 0 Recent Internet governance discussions have focused on ensuring the sustainability of the Internet and other digital technologies, by assessing their social, economic and environmental impacts. The idea of sustainability permeates the international, regional, national and local levels alike. The Dynamic Coalition on Environment21, initiated by the IGF is a reflection of the importance and relevance of the topic of sustainability in present times.

108 Leave a comment on paragraph 108 0 Emerging technologies can cause further disruptions to this ecosystem, not only to the socio-economic and political fabric of the community but also to our physical environment.  They could have considerable impact on the ongoing climate crisis, and affect local communities that are at the forefront of the fight for climate justice. Further, these new technologies have the potential to disrupt the regional economy, particularly the labor economy in many known and unforeseen ways.

109 Leave a comment on paragraph 109 0 A multifaceted strategy is required if these technologies are to be sustained over the long run. Its core criterion is universal accessibility to dependable and resilient connection, even during crises, wars, or natural catastrophes. This fundamental element serves as the framework for the sustainable development of the Internet and emerging technologies, and ensures that they contribute to a more equitable future for all..

110 Leave a comment on paragraph 110 0 We are situated at the intersection of societal well-being, ecological harmony, and technological growth. The solution calls for a multidisciplinary symphony in which ethical questions, social inclusion, and environmental responsibility dance with technical progress. By balancing these factors, we must direct the process of developing technologies to live up to their potential as builders of a just and sustainable digital future.

111 Leave a comment on paragraph 111 0 There is also a need to consider the sustainability of the multi-stakeholder model. Questions arise for how to re-gather support for this model globally, as well as how we can improve the approach and practice nationally, regionally, and globally.

Internet for a sustainable environment

112 Leave a comment on paragraph 112 0 The idea of sustainability for the environment encompasses various aspects of ICT and allied subjects. These include green technologies, energy efficiency, renewable energy, carbon emissions reduction, environmental impact of new technologies, data-driven impact assessment, environmental legislation, environmentally conscious production processes, sustainable lifecycle management of devices, e-waste reduction, circular economy, and circular design principles.

113 Leave a comment on paragraph 113 0 Managing e-waste
On the use and disposal of smartphones, engaging the youth community raises awareness of the resources that are used for making smartphones22. Today, 45% of the world’s Internet users are below the age of 25. Young people are increasingly living their lives in the digital domain, as education, entertainment, social life and commerce become online activities, a trend exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic.

114 Leave a comment on paragraph 114 2 While invented only thirty years ago, smartphones today impact all aspects of our lives. However, school curricula today do not address how smartphones contribute to global e-waste majorly, and consist of elements which may have harmful impacts on communities and ecologies they are mined in.

115 Leave a comment on paragraph 115 0 Moreover, elements in the smartphone have a low recycling rate, making sustainable sourcing and recycling a challenge. This added to the problem of planned and perceived obsolescence makes phone replacement rates a wasteful exercise which is not just costly for consumers, but also deeply damaging to the planet.

116 Leave a comment on paragraph 116 0 Educating youths on the full life cycle and materials used for smartphones increases awareness and encourages more conscious behaviour when “consuming” the technology. Various stakeholders (e.g. researchers, educators, policymakers, parents, civil society) play a role in reaching out to youth in engaging ways to understand technology and sustainability in a personal way.

117 Leave a comment on paragraph 117 0 Digital environmental sustainability through circular economy and sustainable design solutions
Solutions such as open-source designs, industry incentives for circular practices, lower operational costs, responsible consumption, and leveraging the big tech, could be potential solutions for environmental sustainability23. With the increasing demand for digital devices, the impact is becoming increasingly pronounced in the Global South and in South Asian countries like India.

118 Leave a comment on paragraph 118 0 A key issue is the use-and-throw culture without considering the environmental impact of their actions. Secondly, with increasing digital linear consumption, the extraction of minerals and other resources is putting significant pressure on the planet’s resources, including rare earth metals and other critical minerals. Furthermore, digital devices are energy-intensive to produce and significantly contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.

119 Leave a comment on paragraph 119 1 Thus, there is growing need and priority to transition to a more circular economy model for digital devices that involves reducing waste, reusing and repairing devices, and recycling materials to create new products. This involves implementing use-repair and reuse culture, and developing and promoting desired social and behavioral change. Early experiences from economies like India and evolving models like ‘Digital Green Prakriya’ could be adopted across the region.

120 Leave a comment on paragraph 120 0 This also calls for sustainable human rights-centered design solutions which involves designing products with human rights in mind, such as fair labor practices, and using materials that are environmentally sustainable, and designing products that are easier to repair and reuse.

121 Leave a comment on paragraph 121 0 By promoting a circular economy in digital devices, positive impact downstream and upstream can be achieved. A natural shift to a circular model calls for willing collaboration and innovation from manufacturers, consumers, policymakers, and other stakeholders.

Sustaining efforts to overcome digital divides through Community Initiatives and practices

122 Leave a comment on paragraph 122 0 Community driven initiatives to overcome the digital divide are essential. Local projects play an essential role in providing Internet access to underserved areas which are often neglected by larger Internet service providers. However the focus should not only be on connectivity provision but also on ensuring that the Internet translates into practical benefits for improving their businesses, skills and overall quality of life.

123 Leave a comment on paragraph 123 0 Sustainability and reliability emerged as critical concerns. It is vital to find affordable and environmentally friendly ways to provide easy Internet access. This involves using innovative technologies to reduce cost and the impact on the environment. In terms of overcoming the challenge of high costs in remote areas, collaboration with larger industries to explore cost effective solutions could be potential strategies.

124 Leave a comment on paragraph 124 0 To strengthen such initiatives, community networks can be integrated with local businesses and development efforts. Community networks can serve as platforms for businesses to reach new customers and enhance their operations, particularly in rural regions where such opportunities are limited.

125 Leave a comment on paragraph 125 0 Ongoing learning, collaboration, and digital skill development are essential in narrowing the digital divide and empowering communities to harness the Internet for their benefit. For instance, libraries have a unique reach and in the case of school libraries, trained librarians have been empowering students with media and information literacy skills for a long time. If the Internet we want is a healthier information ecosystem then we need to call for Information Integrity on Digital Platforms24.

126 Leave a comment on paragraph 126 0 As such, community-led initiatives play a vital role in bringing positive impact on Internet access to underserved populations.

Sustainability of the Internet: Avoiding Internet Fragmentation

127 Leave a comment on paragraph 127 0 There have been concerns raised regarding the sustainability of a global and interoperable Internet. Some key factors causing a ‘splinternet’/Internet fragmentation are the lack of interoperability across devices with new technologies, data localization, and geopolitical tensions. As the risk of a splinternet increases, we need to work together towards building a sustainable Internet for all.

128 Leave a comment on paragraph 128 0 Fragmentation, and the future of the Internet
Internet Fragmentation is a term that requires clear definition and understanding. Further discussions are required to review its impacts on technical dimensions as well as on society and jurisdictions. Internet fragmentation can be perceived as both desirable and undesirable depending on the context and needs.

129 Leave a comment on paragraph 129 0 The main criteria for evaluating such decisions are intention (the purpose behind fragmentation), impact (who is affected and how), and the societal needs of the communities involved. The roles of algorithms and data collection in exacerbating fragmentation also need to be considered. 

130 Leave a comment on paragraph 130 0 Algorithm-driven content filtering and recommendation systems can significantly impact the information people are exposed to, potentially reinforcing biases and limiting access to diverse perspectives. Encouraging the use of decentralized technologies and fostering a mindset of active contribution rather than passive consumption are potential strategies to counteract algorithm-driven fragmentation.

131 Leave a comment on paragraph 131 0 There are key concerns on the potential for overreach in regulating the Internet. While some fragmentation may be justified in addressing issues like cybercrimes, overzealous measures will pose detrimental effects on communication, trade, and development. There is a need to uphold the concept of “One World, One Internet” while acknowledging the challenges posed by jurisdictional differences.

132 Leave a comment on paragraph 132 0 Ongoing dialogue should be held for awareness-building, and on understanding technological advancements to comprehensively address Internet fragmentation. Multi-stakeholder engagement is key to addressing Internet fragmentation challenges. Collaborative discussions involving a diverse group of stakeholders, including technical experts, policymakers, civil society, and the private sector are essential in making informed decisions that balance the interests of different communities.

133 Leave a comment on paragraph 133 1 The topic of Internet fragmentation is multifaceted, and it is important to find a balance between safeguarding societal interests, while maintaining a universally interconnected and open Internet. Achieving this balance will require continued collaboration among stakeholders and proactive efforts to ensure that the Internet remains a tool for empowerment, education, and global communication.

134 Leave a comment on paragraph 134 0 Internet of Things– Impact on sustainability
The Internet of Things (IoT) has become an integral part of our everyday lives. Used at industrial and work sites, city infrastructure, and homes, there are debates on the impact on sustainability from the extensive use of these IoT devices and services.

135 Leave a comment on paragraph 135 0 Discussions emerged25, and the IoT Global Good Practice Paper was presented at IGF 2018. Since then, several changes have occurred to address challenges from IoT. Nonetheless, discussions will be elevated, with the target to provide input to the High Level Expert group from the Dynamic Coalition on IoT (DC-IoT)26, together with the DC on Core Internet Values (DC-CIV)27. The input will eventually also be shared at the World Summit on Global Digital Compact in September 2024.

136 Leave a comment on paragraph 136 0 Also, further discussions are needed to further develop the concept of what it means to have “meaningful transparency” to all stakeholders, and “real accountability” to stakeholders that can reasonably be expected to bear responsibilities from the impacts of IoT. Focus areas can include the following:

  • 137 Leave a comment on paragraph 137 0
  • Introducing global good practice in IoT;
  • Focusing on the need for labeling (and thus certification) to help consumers to be able to take their responsibility;
  • Clarifying why approaching it as “Internet of Functions” can help.

138 Leave a comment on paragraph 138 0 On “Internet of Functions”, IoT must include a base level of security elements. The “Internet of Functions” define functions that determine the needed level of cybersecurity. When discussing at the global level, it is key to adopt the approach of “zero trust”.

139 Leave a comment on paragraph 139 0 The concept of “zero trust” covers the following elements:

  • 140 Leave a comment on paragraph 140 0
  • Maintaining independence of apps from hardware (Internet of Functions);
  • Developing a data centric approach with transparency for ‘who’ and ‘how’ to use the data;
  • Integrating interoperability at the technical level with legacy systems. Security by design, zero trust, and identification as the order of self/group/public help for cybersecurity is a mandatory requirement.

141 Leave a comment on paragraph 141 0 Currently when purchasing an IoT device, there is general lack of information on whether and what data would be transmitted through the device, as well as the level of security and options to secure the devices. There are no legal or self-regulatory actions currently in place, but initiatives are underway.

142 Leave a comment on paragraph 142 0 For instance, the Five Eyes (FVEY) nations — United States (US), United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand — issued a Statement of Intent in 2019 regarding the security of IoT. The statement recognised that this issue is global. In Europe, there is a Cyber Resilience Act that also covers some aspects of IoT. Also in the US, the Biden administration recently introduced a new initiative to empower consumers to make decisions about the security of IoT devices. The US Cyber Trust Mark is a voluntary public-private partnership enabling manufacturers to self-certify that their products meet essential cybersecurity standards.

Conclusion

143 Leave a comment on paragraph 143 0 To safeguard the digital future, ongoing multi-stakeholder discussions and collaboration are required. While some existing barriers remain (e.g. time zone differences, financial/resource constraints or limitations to participate), we need to work collectively to create platforms for these discussions, and encourage diverse participation from different stakeholders across the region.

144 Leave a comment on paragraph 144 1 This includes meaningful engagement across various stakeholders such as governments, businesses, civil society, academia, and others. Regional collaboration and partnerships are also vital towards building a shared vision for a trusted, inclusive, and sustainable Internet.

Foot notes:

152 Leave a comment on paragraph 152 0 “Stronger together: Amplifying multistakeholder voices in cyber diplomacy”, https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjQ1ZGRhY2UxNmJlMy8vMjMvLzEyODMvLzA=

155 Leave a comment on paragraph 155 0 “Breaking security for ‘online safety’: What’s at stake for Asia-Pacific”, https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjQ1MzkzNmMyZGJjOS8vMjMvLzEyNDcvLzA=

157 Leave a comment on paragraph 157 0 “Co-creating Digital Future for Children: An Intergenerational, Multistakeholder Dialogue on Children’s Data Protection”, https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjQ1ZjliZjQ2ZTIxNy8vMjMvLzEyOTQvLzA=

158 Leave a comment on paragraph 158 0 “To protect or harm?: what the tensions between privacy and civic freedoms in personal data protection laws mean for civil society”, https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjQ2MTliMGFhYmZiZS8vMjMvLzEzNjIvLzA=

159 Leave a comment on paragraph 159 0 “The Fulfillment of the Data Justice Framework through the Data Governance Model in Implementing the Village Information System; Indonesia Case Study”, https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjQ2MTY2NmFkYjgzZi8vMjMvLzEzNDYvLzA=

163 Leave a comment on paragraph 163 0 “Tech Policy Atlas: your one stop shop for internet law, regulation and strategy”,  https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjQ2MGQyZGI2ZDJiMS8vMjMvLzEzMTgvLzA=

164 Leave a comment on paragraph 164 0 “Evolving Internet Governance For The Next Phase Of The Internet”, https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjQ2MGQyZGI2ZDJiMS8vMjMvLzEzMTgvLzA=
13 Ibid.

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Source: https://comment.rigf.asia/asia-pacific-regional-internet-governance-forum-2023-brisbane-synthesis-document-draft-1/