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Asia Pacific Regional Internet Governance Forum 2024 Taipei Synthesis Document – Draft 1

Synthesis Document – Draft 1

PREAMBLE

1 Leave a comment on paragraph 1 3 The Asia Pacific Regional Internet Governance Forum (APrIGF) 2024 was held from 21-23 August in a hybrid format, hosted by Taiwan Network Information Center (TWNIC) in Taipei. This marks APrIGF’s return to Taipei since the 2016 meeting.

2 Leave a comment on paragraph 2 1 The overarching theme for APrIGF 2024 is “Evolving Ecosystems, Enduring Principles: Shaping Responsible Internet Governance”. The Internet governance landscape in the Asia Pacific (APAC) region is continually transforming. Internet connectivity and adoption are steadily increasing, yet the challenges around inclusion, safety and security, affordability, and digital rights remain critical. As Internet ecosystem stakeholders diligently work to address these challenges, the core Internet principles of openness, decentralization, and accessibility for all are still critical today and in the future. With the advent of new and emerging technologies, and the potential for AI to accelerate these new changes, how should we tackle the corresponding governance issues that arise?

3 Leave a comment on paragraph 3 1 The main theme incorporates three high-level thematic tracks, namely “Security & Trust”, “Resilience”, and “Ethical Governance of Emerging Technologies”. High-level thematic tracks were used to enable discussions on cross-cutting issues related to Internet Governance in the APAC region. This allows the APrIGF community to recognize and appreciate the complexity and interrelated nature of diverse Internet Governance issues and understand their significance at a policy level in all economies across the region. Thus, the APrIGF Multistakeholder Steering Group (MSG) adopted a more flexible and all-encompassing approach since the APrIGF 2021 program.

SECURITY & TRUST

4 Leave a comment on paragraph 4 0 The principle of security and trust emphasizes the necessity for robust cybersecurity measures, transparency, and accountability to maintain a trusted and secure Internet environment. As technologies evolve and the Internet ecosystem becomes more complex, safeguarding user data, ensuring information integrity, securing and sustaining stakeholders’ trust, and protecting online identities are paramount. This involves addressing cybersecurity risks, data privacy concerns, online safety, and the protection of vulnerable groups – all the while ensuring that the Internet will not be fragmented. A collaborative, multistakeholder approach is essential to develop effective strategies that not only defend against current threats but also anticipate and mitigate future risks. It is imperative to foster an Internet environment where users feel safe and trust the systems they interact with.

5 Leave a comment on paragraph 5 0 The Internet ecosystem is evolving exponentially due to the continuous development and expansion of technologies, platforms, and services; it is also driven by innovation, market demands, and emerging technologies. Diverse stakeholders, technological advancements, and the increasingly dynamic nature of ecosystems have introduced many complex issues for the security and trust of the Internet, making it challenging to ensure robust security measures and maintain trust. How can enduring principles and time-tested approaches, built in a collaborative manner for shaping responsible Internet governance, address complex challenges such as cybersecurity risks, data privacy concerns, information integrity, online safety, online child protection, gender-based violence, and trust in innovation while ensuring the continued smooth and interoperable operation of the Internet?

DIGITAL TRUST, SECURITY & PRIVACY

6 Leave a comment on paragraph 6 1 Building digital trust is crucial for ensuring a secure and inclusive digital ecosystem. Trust is established through transparency and accountability in digital processes and transactions. Mathematical trust, such as that provided by blockchain technology, holds promise for ensuring confidence in digital interactions without a central authority. Health data governance exemplifies the significance of robust data regulations and policies. Countries like South Korea are beginning to utilize big medical data, underscoring the need for broader discussions on its safe use. Taiwan’s Personal Data Protection Act 2023 (PDPA 2023)[1],  enacted in 2023, serves as a model for safeguarding personal data while maintaining its transparency.

7 Leave a comment on paragraph 7 0 With the evolution of the digital landscape, a strong cybersecurity framework becomes increasingly critical. The rise of online scams and identity theft poses significant risks to digital trust and security. Balancing the need to prevent messaging scams with the protection of privacy and free speech presents a complex challenge. In the Asia Pacific region, cybersecurity laws must strike a balance between national security and Internet freedom.

Biometric Verification and Identity Protection

8 Leave a comment on paragraph 8 0 Implementing biometric verification during SIM issuance is a strong solution to prevent account takeovers via SIM card swapping. This would add a secure layer of identity verification, making it harder for attackers to fraudulently obtain a SIM card. Additionally, holding telecom providers liable if important accounts are hacked due to SIM swapping can incentivize them to enhance security measures, ensuring greater protection for users[2]. This dual approach can significantly reduce the risk of SIM card fraud and protect users’ sensitive accounts.

Third-Party Authentication in Financial Transactions

9 Leave a comment on paragraph 9 1 There is a very high need for a third-party authentication solution that will ensure that the citizens of a country can decide and know the receiver of said money. There is an implemented method in Vietnam where if someone is trying to transfer money more than a certain threshold, the bank needs the user to use facial recognition[3] but it can be bypassed with an image, which needs to be improved and implemented in more than just one country in the Asia Pacific.

Preventing Online Scams and Identity Theft

10 Leave a comment on paragraph 10 1 Digital security is profoundly impacted by online scams and identity theft, making it imperative to develop robust measures to counter these threats. Multi-actor authentication, biometric verification, and rigorous third-party authentication practices are critical components in securing digital identities. For instance, implementing biometric verification during SIM issuance adds a secure layer to identity verification, making it harder for attackers to obtain SIM cards fraudulently. Additionally, holding telecom providers liable for security breaches due to SIM swapping can incentivize better security measures.

11 Leave a comment on paragraph 11 0 Educating users about recognizing and avoiding scams is equally important to empower individuals against deceptive tactics. The importance of increasing awareness and education about online scams among users cannot be overstated[4]. International cooperation plays a pivotal role in sharing information and countering global scam operations, fostering a more secure digital environment. Collaborative efforts among governments, private organizations, and individuals are essential to effectively combat these threats and enhance digital security.

Balancing Security and Free Speech in Messaging

12 Leave a comment on paragraph 12 1 The challenge of preventing messaging scams while protecting privacy and free speech is increasingly complex. Mobile communication’s widespread usage makes users a prime target for messaging scams. Deploying AI-based content validation, anti-phishing software, and regulatory frameworks requiring sender identification helps combat these scams effectively. For example, regulatory frameworks, such as those implemented in Vietnam[5], which involve rigorous third-party authentication practices, are essential for ensuring secure financial transactions.

13 Leave a comment on paragraph 13 0 Ensuring that these measures have appropriate legal bases, minimal intervention, and respect for privacy while involving third-party oversight, strengthens their implementation and fosters user trust. Transparency and accountability are vital in ensuring that government and telecom measures do not infringe on privacy and free speech. Moreover, end-to-end encryption should be encouraged to protect user privacy and data integrity, strengthening overall cybersecurity and reducing the risk of unauthorized access.

Cybersecurity and Human Rights in APAC

14 Leave a comment on paragraph 14 0 In the Asia Pacific region, cybersecurity laws must balance the imperatives of national security with the need to uphold Internet freedom. The influence of authoritarian digital governance models in countries like Vietnam, Cambodia, Nepal, and Pakistan poses significant challenges to civil liberties. For instance, these countries have adopted cybersecurity laws that include data localization and digital surveillance provisions, which threaten freedoms of expression and information.

15 Leave a comment on paragraph 15 2 Thailand’s legislation exemplifies this struggle, with vague provisions in the Cybersecurity Act 2019[6] and Personal Data Protection Act 2019[7] (PDPA 2019), enacted in 2019, that equates national security with public safety, potentially threatening political freedoms. Conversely, Taiwan’s transparent and participatory governance model provides a viable blueprint for achieving security without compromising rights[8]. Taiwan’s civic engagement platforms like JOIN[9] and the fact-checking tool Cofacts[10] highlight the benefits of inclusive governance in maintaining trust and security.

16 Leave a comment on paragraph 16 0 Developing robust oversight mechanisms, maintaining strong encryption standards, and implementing gender-responsive policies are essential steps for a secure and inclusive digital environment. Addressing the needs of vulnerable populations, including children and marginalized communities, through responsible data handling and digital literacy initiatives is critical for fostering digital trust and ensuring a safe digital future. Protecting children’s privacy on social media and promoting digital literacy are critical steps toward creating a safe digital space for future generations.

17 Leave a comment on paragraph 17 0 In conclusion, addressing digital trust, security, and privacy requires a multifaceted and collaborative approach. Incorporating transparency, accountability, and inclusivity into digital governance, and leveraging advanced technologies responsibly, will build a secure and trustworthy digital ecosystem. Efforts to protect data integrity and user privacy, as well as ensure equitable access to digital tools must be ongoing and adaptable to emerging challenges and opportunities in the digital landscape.

MULTISTAKEHOLDER GOVERNANCE & POLICY REFORM

18 Leave a comment on paragraph 18 1 There is a pressing need for stronger participation in the multistakeholder model of Internet governance. This call for more representation, including by community members from the APAC region, arises from the recognition that existing processes that could impact the Internet, such as those leading up to the WSIS+20 Review, may have gaps in inclusivity. Although these processes evolve slowly, proactive engagement is crucial. Stakeholders are encouraged to keep themselves informed of developments and find avenues to contribute, whether by communicating with government representatives, engaging with organizations like ISOC or IAN, or connecting with local community leaders. The value of having diverse voices in decision-making that could impact the Internet cannot be overstated, as their absence may lead to significant losses in representation and accountability, and possibly a fragmentation of the Internet.

19 Leave a comment on paragraph 19 0 Successful communication and collaboration among various coalitions are vital. Information-sharing mechanisms, such as mailing lists (e.g., ICANN’s WSIS+20 Outreach Network mailing list, APrIGF discuss mailing list), should be utilized to facilitate ongoing discussions and collective efforts in addressing multistakeholder challenges. Active participation in these dialogues could help inform policy-makers, shape policy reform, and enhance understanding across different sectors and stakeholders.

20 Leave a comment on paragraph 20 0 The adaptability of the multistakeholder model is crucial for addressing the complexities of governance in the digital age. Continuous conversations are needed to gather diverse perspectives and expertise, ensuring that policy discussions remain relevant and inclusive. Engaging with both mature and emerging audiences is necessary to raise awareness about governance processes and encourage broader participation in relevant discussions.

21 Leave a comment on paragraph 21 0 Furthermore, it is vital to break down silos that exist within specialized communities, such as technical experts and civil society organizations. Regional and global forums like APrIGF and IGF provide essential platforms for stakeholders to interact and collaborate beyond their usual domains of focus, such as policy, technical expertise, or advocacy. By fostering communication and collaboration, these platforms can facilitate better aggregation of knowledge and resources, ultimately enhancing multistakeholder governance.

22 Leave a comment on paragraph 22 0 Lastly, ongoing efforts should be made to assess and document both successful and unsuccessful cases in multistakeholder engagement. This evaluation will provide critical insights into what worked and how to improve what did not, allowing stakeholders to learn from past experiences and adapt their strategies accordingly.

Collaborative Governance for a Resilient Internet

23 Leave a comment on paragraph 23 0 The collaborative approach between Global South and Global North is critical in fostering interoperable governance frameworks that can prevent the fragmentation of the future Internet[11]. This collaboration is vital, especially amidst the power struggles of global leaders, as it encourages cooperation over competition for the next generation of the Internet. The rapid growth of the Internet has led to various challenges, including security risks and cyberattacks. To address these challenges effectively, a multistakeholder governance model that involves both public and private sector actors is essential.

24 Leave a comment on paragraph 24 1 Effective collaborative Internet governance must include active participation from all stakeholders, including governments, the private sector, the technical community, and civil society. This participation can lead to a more resilient Internet by ensuring that security measures are not only reactive but proactive. Data literacy and education are also essential components of this approach, empowering individuals with the knowledge and awareness needed to identify and handle cybersecurity threats.

25 Leave a comment on paragraph 25 0 Furthermore, transparency and accountability in data collection practices are paramount. Stakeholders must commit to clear guidelines on data usage, ensuring that online services and products are open about their data practices. Governments can take proactive measures by collaborating with telecommunications operators to launch awareness campaigns that educate citizens on cyber threats and online scams. Combining traditional media, such as television and radio, alongside digital platforms, can enhance outreach efforts.

26 Leave a comment on paragraph 26 0 Investment in digital infrastructure is another critical area requiring policy and regulatory reform. Public-private partnerships, capacity building, and digital literacy initiatives must be prioritized to create a more inclusive Internet. Regional cooperation and knowledge-sharing among stakeholders can foster innovative technologies, ensuring affordable access solutions that empower communities globally. By harmonizing regional approaches, we can enhance social media accountability and safety, paving the way for a more secure and resilient Internet.

Harmonizing Regional Approaches for Social Media Accountability        

27 Leave a comment on paragraph 27 0 To tackle the challenges posed by social media in the digital age, a harmonized regional approach to accountability and safety is key. This involves the creation of consistent policies and shared frameworks that can be applied across jurisdictions, addressing issues such as misinformation, hate speech, and online harassment. By establishing common standards for content moderation and data privacy, stakeholders can ensure alignment with international human rights principles.

28 Leave a comment on paragraph 28 0 Regional coalitions must facilitate collaboration among governments, tech companies, and civil society organizations to effectively combat the pervasive issues related to online harm. The establishment of regional oversight bodies can provide a platform for dialogue, enabling stakeholders to monitor compliance with these standards and ensure that platforms adhere to them. Moreover, investing in digital literacy and public awareness campaigns can empower users to navigate online spaces safely and responsibly.

29 Leave a comment on paragraph 29 0 Legal frameworks must also be adaptable, addressing emerging threats while preserving fundamental freedoms, including the right to freedom of expression. A balanced approach that considers both safety and expression will be crucial in fostering a healthy online ecosystem. By engaging with diverse perspectives from various regions, we can craft solutions that reflect the unique cultural contexts and needs of different communities.

30 Leave a comment on paragraph 30 0 In addition, the accountability of platforms must adopt a risk-based approach[12]. This approach allows for differentiated accountability measures tailored to the unique features and functions of various platforms. However, stakeholders must remain cautious of overly pessimistic risk-avoidance strategies that could inadvertently exacerbate the spread of disinformation. For instance, examining responses to legislative initiatives like Australia’s News Media Bargaining Code[13] can inform the development of more balanced and effective policies. Engaging in ongoing research and collaboration among stakeholders will ensure that policies are grounded in data and reflect the complexities of online interactions.

HUMAN RIGHTS, INCLUSION & ADVOCACY        

31 Leave a comment on paragraph 31 0 The evolving digital landscape presents unique challenges to human rights, particularly in regions such as the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, and India. There is a pressing need to address the specific threat profiles and contextual nuances that affect these countries. A commitment to enhancing community guidelines and ensuring the availability of essential materials in multiple languages is crucial. While gaps currently exist in translation and accessibility, the potential for artificial intelligence to improve language inclusion and accessibility is promising. Continuous efforts are necessary to make significant advancements in this area.

32 Leave a comment on paragraph 32 0 When it comes to government requests for content removal, it is imperative to uphold a transparent and structured process. Such requests must be rigorously assessed against established community standards, along with comprehensive legal and human rights reviews. This dual commitment to comply with local laws while safeguarding international speech protections illustrates the complexities inherent in navigating governmental pressures. It is essential to maintain global policies and specific mitigation strategies tailored to the unique dynamics of each country, ensuring that rights are protected effectively.

33 Leave a comment on paragraph 33 0 Healthcare and human rights defenders represent sectors under significant threat, particularly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing hybrid conflicts. Cyber attacks on these vital sectors highlight the urgent need for a multistakeholder approach to enhance cyber resilience. Recognizing the intersection between healthcare and human rights protection can foster a collaborative environment where both sectors are fortified against emerging threats.

34 Leave a comment on paragraph 34 0 In conclusion, fostering human rights and inclusion in digital advocacy requires ongoing dialogue and engagement among various stakeholders. Establishing connections and collaboration across civil society organizations can bridge existing gaps and reinforce the protections needed for human rights defenders. Continued engagement beyond formal sessions is critical to develop actionable strategies that promote inclusivity and uphold human dignity in the digital age.

Addressing Vulnerable Groups in Digital Spaces

35 Leave a comment on paragraph 35 0 The protection of vulnerable groups in the digital realm necessitates a nuanced understanding of their religious affiliations and cultural sensitivities. Content that may be perceived as blasphemous crosses a critical line, demanding condemnation to uphold respect for diverse beliefs. As advocates for human rights, we must emphasize the need for platforms that actively engage human rights defenders, especially in urgent scenarios where traditional methods prove ineffective and slow. The lack of prompt responses often leaves marginalized voices unheard. Therefore, raising awareness and promoting adherence to UN guidelines among human rights defenders is essential for effective advocacy.

36 Leave a comment on paragraph 36 0 However, the gap between policy and implementation remains significant, particularly regarding the protection of human rights defenders. While offering innovative solutions, technology also presents challenges as it can be weaponized against those advocating for rights. The ongoing discourse around AI liability highlights the complexities within global governance frameworks. Representatives from major tech companies like Meta and Microsoft[14] revealed that while initiatives exist, safeguarding goes beyond mere statements. A proactive, action-oriented Corporate Social Responsibility framework is critical for these corporations to genuinely secure customers’ rights regarding freedom of expression and digital security. Furthermore, establishing transparent accountability mechanisms among tech companies, governments, and civil society is paramount to prioritizing users’ rights.

Multistakeholder Engagement and Inclusivity

37 Leave a comment on paragraph 37 0 In discussions surrounding human rights and digital governance, the concept of multistakeholder engagement has often been criticized for falling into tokenism. While companies like Meta and Microsoft[15] participate in dialogues about human rights, genuine engagement requires involvement at all levels—from planning to monitoring. The voices of human rights defenders, particularly those representing minority communities, must be included in decision-making processes to ensure that policies reflect the realities faced by the most vulnerable.

38 Leave a comment on paragraph 38 0 The exclusion of grassroots perspectives not only undermines the effectiveness of these discussions but also perpetuates a cycle of neglect regarding urgent human rights issues. A commitment to authentic multistakeholderism involves creating platforms for diverse voices, and ensuring their concerns are addressed and integrated into policy development. The example of Taiwan’s public platform[16], which encourages government responses to citizen proposals, exemplifies how inclusive mechanisms can enhance accountability and responsiveness. Such initiatives can empower marginalized groups—women, children, and indigenous peoples—by amplifying their voices and ensuring their needs are recognized by authorities.

39 Leave a comment on paragraph 39 0 The importance of addressing the digital divide cannot be overstated. As discussions on a Digital Bill of Rights[17] evolve, key principles must include privacy protections, the right to free expression, access to information, due process, and digital inclusion. By investing in digital infrastructure and promoting digital literacy, governments can help bridge this gap, fostering an inclusive digital environment where all voices are heard and respected.

Combatting Online Harassment of Human Rights Defenders

40 Leave a comment on paragraph 40 0 The ongoing harassment and intimidation of human rights defenders on various online platforms raise critical questions about the accountability of these platforms. While major companies are taking steps to implement safeguarding measures, it is evident that harm is still prevalent on smaller, less regulated platforms. Effective solutions require a holistic approach to combat the organized violence faced by human rights advocates.

41 Leave a comment on paragraph 41 0 Panel discussions often neglect the critical aspect of online safety in conjunction with the physical safety of defenders[18]. This interconnectedness is crucial for creating comprehensive protection strategies. The experiences of defenders in the field during crises are essential to understanding the challenges they face and developing effective responses.

42 Leave a comment on paragraph 42 0 Moving forward, it is imperative that we not only share success stories and best practices but also prioritize the perspectives of those directly impacted by these issues. Learning from the experiences of human rights defenders will inform industry practices, ensuring that their tools and protocols adequately address the threats they face. Comprehensive training programs focusing on both online and offline safety measures should be implemented to equip defenders with the knowledge necessary to navigate and mitigate risks effectively.

43 Leave a comment on paragraph 43 0 Incorporating a human rights-centered approach into technology development and implementation will promote a safer digital space for all. By fostering a dialogue that includes the voices of defenders, we can work toward building more resilient structures that support human rights in the cyber age.

DISINFORMATION, MISINFORMATION & MEDIA ACCOUNTABILITY

44 Leave a comment on paragraph 44 0 The rapid proliferation of disinformation and misinformation across the Asia Pacific region poses significant challenges to media accountability and the integrity of information ecosystems. Stakeholders recognize the urgent need for enhanced collaboration among fact-checking organizations within the region, particularly in light of autocratic regimes engaging in information operations. These regimes often propagate misinformation, further complicating the efforts of civil society and media actors to uphold truthfulness in reporting.

45 Leave a comment on paragraph 45 0 There is a growing recognition of the importance of training and capacity building initiatives aimed at fact-checkers and media professionals. Initiatives, such as cross-border training programs among fact-checking organizations, have demonstrated potential for fostering a more resilient response to misinformation. For instance, collaborative efforts between Taiwanese and Filipino fact-checking entities have successfully trained community members, enhancing their skills to identify and combat misinformation in local contexts.

46 Leave a comment on paragraph 46 0 Efforts must be made to establish robust networks of fact-checkers across the region, particularly in countries experiencing political upheaval. Notably, the training of fact-checkers from Myanmar prior to the coup illustrates the potential for these initiatives to strengthen media accountability. Despite the challenges posed by political repression and the exile of journalists, recent efforts to reorganize fact-checking communities outside Myanmar have reignited hope for effective responses to misinformation.

47 Leave a comment on paragraph 47 0 The need for a united coalition of fact-checkers in the Asia Pacific is evident, as disparities in resources and attention can hinder effective information verification efforts. Topics like the South China Sea conflict and the systemic spread of misinformation from governments should receive more visibility and scrutiny in regional forums. By amplifying the voices of Asia Pacific fact-checkers, the coalition can help address blind spots in the global discourse on disinformation and misinformation.

48 Leave a comment on paragraph 48 1 Moreover, the sustainability of fact-checking initiatives remains a critical concern. Funding sources often influence the operations of fact-checking organizations, raising questions about independence and credibility. To navigate these challenges, a commitment to core principles of truthfulness and transparency in funding can fortify the legitimacy of fact-checking efforts.

49 Leave a comment on paragraph 49 0 While fact-checking is not a panacea for the complex landscape of disinformation, it plays a crucial role in detecting false narratives and promoting community engagement. The participation of local communities in fact-checking efforts is essential, as it not only builds trust but also fosters a culture of accountability in media consumption. Ultimately, strengthening media accountability mechanisms will require a multifaceted approach that combines fact-checking, community involvement, and systemic support from regional stakeholders.

Strengthening Fact-Checking Initiatives

50 Leave a comment on paragraph 50 1 The proliferation of disinformation in the Asia Pacific region highlights the urgent need for robust fact-checking initiatives. A regional coalition for fact-checking can serve as a powerful tool to address the unique challenges faced by countries in the Pacific, where misinformation can have severe implications for political stability and social cohesion. By sharing strategies and resources, member organizations can create a comprehensive framework that fosters accountability and transparency in their operations[19].

51 Leave a comment on paragraph 51 0 Engaging grassroots initiatives alongside larger coalitions ensures that the voices of smaller Pacific nations are not overlooked. For instance, local communities often have a deeper understanding of the misinformation circulating within their regions and can contribute valuable insights to the coalition. Additionally, establishing accountability-based timetables can help track progress and maintain the momentum needed to combat misinformation effectively. Ultimately, empowering local fact-checking organizations through collaboration will enhance their capacity to navigate the complex landscape of disinformation and media accountability[20].

EDUCATION & CAPACITY BUILDING

52 Leave a comment on paragraph 52 0 As the rapid digitization of society progresses, there is an urgent need to build solid pillars of freedom to ensure the digital age does not evolve into an environment of surveillance and control. Major tech platforms like Google, Meta, and TikTok dominate the digital landscape, but there remains a critical need to educate the public about the importance of digital freedom[21], privacy, and autonomy. Capacity building efforts should focus on helping individuals understand the broader implications of relying on these large platforms, as well as the potential alternatives that exist within the free and open-source software movement.

53 Leave a comment on paragraph 53 0 Education on privacy is essential to protecting digital rights, especially as data collection practices become increasingly pervasive. Privacy education should emphasize that privacy is not just about protecting data or preventing identity theft; it is a prerequisite for exercising all other freedoms. This understanding needs to be integrated into curricula from an early age, empowering individuals to navigate digital spaces safely and autonomously.

54 Leave a comment on paragraph 54 0 Moreover, efforts should be made to ensure that individuals are educated about their right to disconnect, as part of their digital autonomy. As digital platforms become more integral to everyday life, the right to disconnect is often overlooked. Communities should be educated about the importance of maintaining a balance between staying connected and preserving mental health.

55 Leave a comment on paragraph 55 0 Finally, building capacity to understand the legal frameworks that support digital rights is critical. It is necessary to educate policymakers, legal professionals, and the public about laws that can protect digital freedom. For example, initiatives similar to the US Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act[22], which enabled the growth of the early Internet, should be considered for promoting digital freedom and fostering an open Internet. Education and training programs should focus on preparing future generations to advocate for policies that protect against the overreach of big tech and surveillance capitalism.

Strengthening Digital Safety Through Education

56 Leave a comment on paragraph 56 0 Safeguarding user data, ensuring information integrity, and protecting online identities are paramount in today’s digital world. While frameworks for privacy and security exist, they can only be fully effective when coupled with education that empowers users to protect themselves online. Capacity building should focus on raising awareness about digital rights and privacy, equipping individuals with the knowledge to identify potential threats and adopt best practices to secure their personal data.

57 Leave a comment on paragraph 57 0 Educational initiatives must address digital literacy at all levels—from students to professionals. Implementing training programs that teach individuals how to navigate privacy settings, recognize phishing attempts, and use encryption tools is essential. Furthermore, awareness campaigns should highlight the importance of transparency and accountability, ensuring users understand how governments and telecom companies may handle their data[23]. Independent oversight bodies can be established to monitor these practices, but individuals also need to be educated about their right to access secure Internet services without geographical, political, or social boundaries.

58 Leave a comment on paragraph 58 0 Specific capacity building initiatives should focus on training law enforcement, judiciary, and other agencies to tackle cyber diplomacy and enforce global privacy best practices. As seen in Pakistan, where law enforcement agencies can intercept communications for safety purposes, there is a pressing need for capacity building within these institutions to strike a balance between national security and citizens’ privacy.

59 Leave a comment on paragraph 59 0 In addition to formal education, digital safety programs must involve parents, educators, and office workers. These efforts will foster a generation that not only understands digital risks but is equipped to mitigate them. In this way, the right to safe Internet access will be protected across diverse communities, regardless of age or gender.

Combatting Gendered Disinformation Through Education

60 Leave a comment on paragraph 60 0 Gendered disinformation remains a significant challenge, particularly for women, transgender, and gender-diverse individuals in public spaces. These disinformation campaigns, which often include hate speech, harassment, and doxxing, aim to delegitimize their voices. To address this issue, a comprehensive education program must be integrated into digital literacy initiatives, particularly for young people, educators, and vulnerable communities.

61 Leave a comment on paragraph 61 0 Public awareness campaigns can empower individuals to recognize gendered disinformation and prevent its spread. Workshops, online courses, and educational materials in multiple languages should be developed to train individuals on the tactics used in these campaigns and the real-world impact they have. Schools and universities should integrate gendered disinformation awareness into their curricula, enabling students to understand the broader social implications of such campaigns and how they affect political discourse and cultural inclusion.

62 Leave a comment on paragraph 62 1 Capacity building in this context also requires engagement with social media platforms. Social media platforms must be held accountable for the role they play in spreading gendered disinformation[24]. Educational programs for platform users should focus on recognizing disinformation while training social media moderators to better detect and remove gendered attacks in a timely manner. By incorporating these educational strategies, we can build a more informed, resilient digital community.

63 Leave a comment on paragraph 63 0 Beyond this, states and civil society must collaborate to counter societal biases against women and gender-diverse people. Policymakers need to be educated on how to regulate emerging technologies, like AI-driven deepfakes, which are increasingly used to target these communities. Building capacity among policymakers to address these issues will ensure that digital spaces become safer for all.

Bridging Digital Gaps in Remote Areas Through Education

64 Leave a comment on paragraph 64 1 In many regions, access to the Internet remains fragmented due to technical and infrastructural limitations. Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) often impose minimum bandwidth requirements for local cache servers, which smaller countries like Bhutan may struggle to meet[25]. As a result, these countries experience restricted access to content, exacerbating the digital divide. To address these disparities, education and capacity building should focus on enabling remote communities to advocate for better infrastructure while developing local solutions to bridge the gap.

65 Leave a comment on paragraph 65 0 Educational programs targeting policymakers in smaller nations can help them better understand the technical requirements for accessing global content, allowing them to negotiate more effectively with CDNs. Simultaneously, community-based training can empower local leaders to create innovative workarounds, such as community-run networks that optimize existing bandwidth.

66 Leave a comment on paragraph 66 1 Moreover, there is a critical need to educate users in these regions about how to maximize the utility of limited connectivity. Digital literacy programs should teach individuals how to use lightweight web tools and applications that consume less data, ensuring that even those in remote areas can participate in the digital economy. Capacity building initiatives can also include technical training for local IT professionals, enabling them to support and maintain local digital infrastructure, and reducing dependence on external providers.

67 Leave a comment on paragraph 67 0 In addition, creating an environment where citizens can actively engage in advocacy for better digital infrastructure is key. Educational programs should provide communities with the knowledge they need to advocate for Internet rights and digital access at national and international levels, fostering a more equitable Internet for all.

Empowering Vulnerable Groups Through Digital Education

68 Leave a comment on paragraph 68 0 The rise of technology presents both opportunities and risks for vulnerable groups, such as children, women, and marginalized communities. In regions like eastern India, children from shelter homes or marginalized communities are increasingly targeted for trafficking through online platforms. Education and capacity building are critical to safeguarding these populations and preventing exploitation.

69 Leave a comment on paragraph 69 0 A multi-pronged approach to digital education can help protect vulnerable individuals. First, digital literacy must be embedded in school curricula to ensure that children understand the dangers of online interaction, particularly when engaging with unknown parties. Parents and caregivers should also receive training on how to monitor Internet usage and protect their children from malicious actors. Governments need to establish accessible reporting mechanisms so that individuals can easily report suspicious activities, whether in schools, shelters, or communities.

70 Leave a comment on paragraph 70 0 Capacity building for law enforcement and judicial systems is equally important. Training these professionals to handle cases involving cyber exploitation, particularly trafficking, will ensure that they are better equipped to protect vulnerable groups. Local authorities should be educated on global best practices, enabling them to identify and dismantle trafficking networks operating through digital platforms.

71 Leave a comment on paragraph 71 0 Furthermore, building digital education programs that teach ethical governance is essential. Vulnerable communities must have a safe space to learn about their rights and gain access to information that empowers them to navigate the online world securely. Governments should ensure that these programs reach marginalized populations, giving them the tools to protect themselves while benefiting from the positive aspects of digital technology.

RESILIENCE

72 Leave a comment on paragraph 72 0 For communication infrastructure, services, and data exchange to continue to function dependably in the face of a variety of obstacles, the Internet’s resilience is essential. To minimize Internet disruptions, various stakeholder groups must work together in concert. When creating policies that affect the interoperability of the Internet, stakeholders must collaborate closely. The necessity for this has increased due to the significant threats that natural disasters, climate change, and geopolitical tensions pose to the Asia Pacific region’s vital infrastructure. Additionally, building resilient Internet infrastructure for small ISPs is essential, as they have a crucial role in providing Internet access to unreached and remote areasThe COVID-19 pandemic has further intensified Internet usage, creating opportunities for collaborative platforms that facilitate interaction among diverse stakeholders.

73 Leave a comment on paragraph 73 0 To build resilience at the design stage of systems, a code of practices governing processes—such as isolation of affected systems and recovery methodologies—should be adopted to mitigate the risks of deploying untested products and processes that could significantly impact system functionality. However, declarations alone are insufficient. The role of multinational corporations, as highlighted by incidents like the CrowdStrike outage[26], raises concerns about conflicts of interest, especially when these companies advise governments on critical infrastructure. Governance is needed to separate business models from targeted advertising when such companies manage essential services like digital ID. Furthermore, increased global government participation and dialogue are crucial to creating policies that attract private sector investment in expanding digital public infrastructure.

74 Leave a comment on paragraph 74 0 Data centers are the backbone of the functioning of the Internet and the establishment of the interconnected world. The resilience of the Internet is thus impacted directly by the resilience built into the data centre infrastructure,  where redundancy in the provision of elements and sub-systems ensures seamless operation during disruption. In addition, governance and regulations affecting the data centres need alignment with the Internet governance and regulations to achieve service levels and resilience.

75 Leave a comment on paragraph 75 1 What steps may be made to enhance the APAC region’s digital infrastructures’ resilience and availability, accessibility, and sustainability in the face of escalating cyber threats and disruptions? Furthermore, developing technologies with eco-friendly practices is necessary to ensure that progress does not come at the cost of environmental degradation, adhering to existing guidelines or policies. How can stakeholders collaborate and ensure that local communities and businesses have the autonomy and influence to shape their digital futures in alignment with their socio-economic priorities and values? How can we integrate eco-friendly practices as technological development accelerates, including adhering to green computing principles, optimizing energy usage, and minimizing the carbon footprint of data centers? What steps can be taken to encourage the adoption of renewable energy sources and promote energy-efficient hardware and software solutions, and how should these issues be addressed in relevant sessions?

RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABILITY

76 Leave a comment on paragraph 76 0 The focus is on building resilient Internet infrastructure and sustainability in the face of challenges such as natural disasters, geopolitical tensions, and environmental concerns. Key discussions involve ensuring infrastructure like data centers and ISPs that can withstand disruptions while maintaining operations. Regulatory frameworks need to address resilience, particularly during disasters, technical standards to prevent tampering (like DNS), and the integration of eco-friendly practices such as reducing the carbon footprint of data centers. Taiwan’s experience with undersea cables and disaster recovery is a case study of how countries can build stronger infrastructure.[27] There is also a focus on promoting sustainability through green computing and energy-efficient solutions.

Internet Infrastructure and Development

77 Leave a comment on paragraph 77 0  In this era, there is a focus on exploring the balance between national security and the risks of Internet fragmentation. It examines the European Digital Services Act (DSA), intermediary liability, and the challenges in regulatory harmonization across diverse communities in the APAC region. Emphasis is placed on community-driven, collaborative solutions to mitigate fragmentation while protecting digital rights. [28]

78 Leave a comment on paragraph 78 0 Regarding national security, some countries have started to implement their Internet with the support of countries with similar political ideologies. For instance, in the Myanmar case, the current ruling council developed the Myanmar E-Governance Master Plan 2030.[29] In this document, they said that they are now developing a backbone Internet. The problem is that the people within the country had already experienced interaction with all over the world in terms of culture, economics, society, and so forth before the crisis. Therefore, attempting to develop this backbone  Internet is completely impacting the daily lives of people by breaking the connection with the rest of the world.

79 Leave a comment on paragraph 79 0 Additionally, from a small developing country perspective, particularly in Samoa[30],   the transformative potential of technologies like Starlink can be seen improving connectivity. However, regulatory blocks and infrastructural limitations hinder such advancements. In Samoa and across the Pacific, specific challenges related to regulatory frameworks impact the deployment of technologies like satellite Internet, including stringent regulations that may not accommodate emerging technologies. Overly restrictive or inconsistent regulations can promote fragmentation, especially in rural areas that need connectivity most, exacerbating the digital divide and limiting efforts for universal access.

80 Leave a comment on paragraph 80 0 Way to address – all the international communities could put pressure on the countries with strict Internet regulations both politically and economically. Moreover, alternative ways of accessibility for the people within the country, such as StarLink Internet, should be considered. However, low-income households could not afford to connect to the satellite Internet because of various socio-economic factors.  Therefore, the possible solution is to provide the knowledge and capacity to the local communities to implement the community-based Internet[31] with the help of organizations within the Internet governance community.

81 Leave a comment on paragraph 81 1 Important lessons concerning the resilience of infrastructure can be learned from Taiwan’s prior experiences with natural catastrophes, such as the 2024 earthquake. The case study highlights that resilience is not about preventing harm but rather about how quickly systems can recover and resume their usual operations.[32].

82 Leave a comment on paragraph 82 2 The government or telecom regulators in the country should develop a framework requiring every ISP and telecom provider to establish a Business Continuity Plan (BCP) to ensure Disaster Recovery (DR) sites are in place. Additionally, these ISPs should have multiple routes to their uplinks so that the entire Internet is not disrupted during disasters. They should also consider using one of the uplinks, such as Starlink, to ensure that communication is maintained even in the event of a disaster.

83 Leave a comment on paragraph 83 0 Another important subtopic to highlight is the need for sustainable solutions in subsea cable laying, installation, and maintenance. It would also be valuable to explore how digital trade agreements could shape the future resilience of subsea cables[33] and connections. For example, the EU-Singapore Digital Partnership (EUSDP) is a relevant resource, along with similar agreements between Singapore the UK, and Australia, as well as mentions in RCEP/IPEF.[34]

Environmental Impact of the Internet

84 Leave a comment on paragraph 84 0 Building on three years of research and development by the Dot Asia Organization, the EcoInternet Index[35] continues to investigate how various factors—such as energy, efficiency, and economy—impact the relationship between the Internet and the environment. The project is expanding to include 15 jurisdictions across the Asia Pacific, including several least-developed countries.

85 Leave a comment on paragraph 85 0 The study emphasizes that evaluating the environmental impact of the Internet involves more than simply measuring its carbon footprint, as this can be misleading. Instead, it considers how the growth of the Internet replaces more carbon-intensive traditional activities, offering valuable insights for policymakers. With Internet usage expected to surge, it is crucial to integrate sustainability into climate agendas and action plans.

86 Leave a comment on paragraph 86 1 The discussion focused on the efforts to reduce the Internet’s carbon footprint, focusing on the EcoInternet Index. It examines the importance of government intervention and eco-equipment certification in promoting sustainable practices. Additionally, case studies from Japan and Colombia are presented, highlighting effective strategies and initiatives that contribute to environmental sustainability in the digital realm. These examples underscore the potential for collaborative approaches to foster a resilient Internet while addressing ecological challenges.[36]

Digital Divide

87 Leave a comment on paragraph 87 0 More than half of the world’s population who remain offline are located in South Asia, highlighting the urgent need to bridge the digital gap. Three key policy questions must be addressed: i) Why do most economies in South Asia have over 50% of their population offline despite direct access to submarine fiber? ii) What role can public-private partnerships and regional cooperation initiatives play in accelerating efforts to close these gaps? iii) How can we link digital development with rural development to enhance connectivity and access?

88 Leave a comment on paragraph 88 1 The discussion revealed that governments need to re-evaluate their national broadband strategies to genuinely connect the unconnected. Many current strategies are merely ticking boxes, overlooking critical issues such as the cost of devices, availability of electricity, and gender disparities. Additionally, the lack of coordination among government agencies in providing services hinders progress.

89 Leave a comment on paragraph 89 1 In countries like Bhutan, a significant digital gap exists, particularly between urban centers like Thimphu and rural areas. The rugged terrain makes it challenging to build and maintain infrastructure, while the cost of Internet services and devices is prohibitive for many. Economic barriers widen this divide, and the lack of local content tailored to Bhutanese users further exacerbates the issue. Innovations like Starlink could potentially improve accessibility in these remote regions[37]. From a Small Developing Country perspective, particularly in Samoa, technologies like Starlink offer significant potential for enhancing connectivity, but regulatory and infrastructural challenges impede progress. Stringent regulations may not accommodate emerging technologies, exacerbating the digital divide, especially in rural areas.

GOVERNANCE FOR RESILIENCY

90 Leave a comment on paragraph 90 0 The Global Digital Compact (GDC)[38] is a recurring theme when looking at good governance to strengthen the resiliency of the Internet – particularly how multistakeholderism and regulations shape the Internet’s future and exploring its impact on Internet governance in the Asia Pacific region. Considerations on how national policies might fragment the global Internet lead the debate to examine ways to prevent such fragmentation. Civil society and local stakeholders play a crucial role in shaping Internet governance and advocating for policies that promote inclusivity and resilience. There is continuing discussion on balancing national security with global interoperability and how emerging technologies, like satellite Internet, fit into a good governance framework.

Level of Censorship

91 Leave a comment on paragraph 91 0 There were proactive concerns about government censorship. The Internet Monitoring Action Project (iMAP)[39] focuses on monitoring censorship activities in South and Southeast Asian countries. During a recent breakout session, group members discussed strategies to prevent censorship through both technology and policy. While there are solutions available to counter government censorship, disseminating these technologies poses challenges, including additional training for engineers to implement necessary standards. A robust policy and governance framework is crucial, requiring adoption by multiple stakeholders such as governments, ISPs, ccTLD registries, and end users.

92 Leave a comment on paragraph 92 0 One specific technological recommendation is to implement DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) and DNS-over-TLS (DoT). These protocols encrypt DNS queries, protecting users from eavesdropping and manipulation by third parties, and making it more difficult for intermediaries to monitor or block specific DNS requests, thus mitigating some forms of DNS-based censorship.[40]

Proactive Role of Multistakeholderism

93 Leave a comment on paragraph 93 0 The Global Digital Compact (GDC) has the potential to reshape Internet governance discussions, influencing the future of multistakeholderism and the development of the Internet. Different contexts may accept the multistakeholder model to varying degrees, presenting challenges that the Internet governance community must address.

94 Leave a comment on paragraph 94 0 Local and regional decisions are increasingly threatening to fragment the global Internet, making it essential for all stakeholders in the Asia Pacific to understand the policies and processes that contribute to this fragmentation. Regulatory authorities should implement distributed policies to ensure service continuity during disruptions and establish restoration measures.

Bottom-up Advocacy Practices

95 Leave a comment on paragraph 95 0 There is discussion and debate on how Internet Governance communities interpret bottom-up advocacy. Power asymmetries among and within stakeholder groups can call into question what “bottom-up advocacy” means. The expertise of each stakeholder group, (technical considerations and capabilities, human rights concerns and frameworks, innovative funding arrangements) should contribute holistically to advocacy practices and decision-making. There are worries that policy and commercial decisions may not fully take civil society into account, which could lead to break down of the legitimacy of the multistakeholder process.[41]

PREVENTING DISRUPTION

96 Leave a comment on paragraph 96 0 Reviews of the strategies used to stop and lessen Internet outages, particularly in light of the possible fragmentation brought on by different regulatory stances. Harmonized policies can lessen isolation risks and compliance burdens, while regulations that are too restrictive or inconsistent can exacerbate fragmentation. Stakeholder collaboration is emphasized to guarantee the resilience of Internet services, especially in times of crisis. Technical steps to stop censorship and standards tampering, which can impair Internet access and integrity, include strengthening DNS security.

97 Leave a comment on paragraph 97 0 As a result of measures like gateway blocking and international data transfer restrictions, there were increasing worries about Internet fragmentation in the Asia Pacific (APAC) region. Regional policymakers are facing criticism for enacting laws that could further polarize the area. To standardize standards and save compliance costs, experts and companies suggest implementing universal regulatory frameworks similar to those in the US or the EU. However, critics argue that universal regulations, which primarily serve corporate interests, could jeopardize community resilience and national sovereignty.

98 Leave a comment on paragraph 98 0 Countries like India and Singapore prefer divergent regulations, while Australia and Japan advocate for greater collaboration and consistency. The panel discussion explored the tradeoffs between national sovereignty and the risks of fragmentation, questioning whether universal playbooks can reduce fragmentation or undermine resilience. Moreover, it assessed regulatory frameworks in the APAC region, explored the pros and cons of replicating global models versus developing local rules, and highlighted principles that build community resilience while avoiding fragmentation through the lens of multistakeholder discussion.

99 Leave a comment on paragraph 99 1 There is a delicate balance between maintaining national security and addressing the growing risks of Internet fragmentation. Some of the key issues involve the impact of The European Digital Services Act (DSA)[42], intermediary liability, and the challenges of achieving regulatory harmonization in the diverse APAC region. The way forward for APAC points to fostering community-driven, collaborative solutions that protect digital rights while reducing the risks of fragmentation in a rapidly evolving digital landscape.[43]

ETHICAL GOVERNANCE OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

100 Leave a comment on paragraph 100 1 In recent years, there have been unprecedented advancements in literacy rates, the globalization of trade and finance, technological innovation, and rapid population growth. However, the rising prominence of Artificial Intelligence and growing gaps of income inequality demand proactive governance measures. Technology is often said to be a neutral tool that doesn’t discriminate between good and bad usage. However, AI can be used for a variety of purposes, including the enhancement of weapons and control systems that are wreaking havoc in increasing regional warfare and conflicts. AI’s rapid rise is already creating notable shifts in power dynamics, as it is now possible for a single entity to exert significantly greater influence over a country’s industry or economy. With every innovation, such as the Internet, the dotcom boom, or the modern social media generation, a cycle emerges where monopolies rise but eventually lose their grip over the industry. It is left to be seen if AI joins these predecessors or is here to stay for a much longer time.

101 Leave a comment on paragraph 101 0 The multistakeholderism process has guided the Internet governance ecosystem for the last nearly two decades. This was not so in the early days of the Internet when governance was primarily the domain of a few key players. It was in the mid-2000s that the multistakeholder approach gained prominence after the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) in 2005 adopting a broader definition of Internet governance from the Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG) incorporating categories of multistakeholder involvement[44], driven by the need for more inclusive and participatory decision-making processes. Ensuring ethical governance of emerging technologies will require proper structures where even the most disempowered are included from the beginning.

102 Leave a comment on paragraph 102 0 There is the need to ensure no technology enhances or aids the development of additional barriers and in the utilization of newly obtained technologies, it is paramount to adopt a human-centric approach to protect basic rights. It is also essential that such communities are able to reach out through the use of technologies to acquire and participate actively in the digital economy and its related socio-political activities.

BIAS AND FAIRNESS IN AI SYSTEMS

103 Leave a comment on paragraph 103 1 AI systems provide opportunities for huge change, but their introduction has also raised issues with respect to bias or fairness. The principles of ethical AI governance should focus on the fair, inclusive, and transparent development of AI. Data bias, lack of representation in decision-making bodies, and effectiveness of the control mechanisms have to be managed in order to enhance further confidence and increase the chances of achieving fairness in AI. The multistakeholder perspective is needed to meet these challenges.[45]

PUBLIC PERCEPTION AND AI ACCOUNTABILITY

104 Leave a comment on paragraph 104 1 Approximately 4 billion people are expected to vote in more than 64 countries during the elections scheduled to be held in the year 2024.[46] Such a global event poses critical threats to the integrity of information as AI technologies have a tremendous capacity to expedite dis and misinformation spread. Such threats would worsen the already fragile situations or divisions in societies or even put democratic processes into danger altogether, requiring that resilient frameworks and measures be put in place to oversee AI technology’s use and deployment within society.

105 Leave a comment on paragraph 105 0 Information Ecosystems and AI Technology

106 Leave a comment on paragraph 106 0 AI technologies have changed and altered the ways people view information and the way it shapes societies. AI tools and algorithms such as deepfakes, and bots prioritize content and spread false information on a greater level than ever in an unprecedented manner. Such practices are seen in political content or advertisements; for example, disinformation practices can be used in times of elections to influence voting behaviors, affect political debates, and ultimately affect the image of democratic institutions.

107 Leave a comment on paragraph 107 0 Frameworks for Inclusive and Ethical AI Governance

108 Leave a comment on paragraph 108 0 In order to alleviate these threats, integrated systems for the development and governance of AI technologies must be inclusive, ethical, and developed in the public interest. Such frameworks are not one-size-fits-all and also need to be localized and tailored to existing social, technological, linguistic, and cultural differences. By rooting AI governance within the specific descriptions of needs and contexts of communities, it is likely that the public will be able to trust the technologies and that AI will serve the purposes of the end users.

109 Leave a comment on paragraph 109 0 Also, building trust in AI-enabled systems has to do with how the governance system is designed in such a way that enables the AI systems to be accountable. This involves explaining in a simple manner how an AI system makes a decision, how the datasets which are used by the AI models are obtained, and what steps citizens can take when AI outputs that impact their rights and accessing services are produced.

110 Leave a comment on paragraph 110 0 Regional Cooperation for Ethical AI Standards

111 Leave a comment on paragraph 111 0 The methods for advancing AI systems through legal frameworks differ among different countries and jurisdictions in terms of their positions of AI maturity. Legal policy issues and regulatory challenges are broad and complex, with many different vertical and metric scopes.

112 Leave a comment on paragraph 112 1 One of the biggest challenges brought about by AI is the question of trust in technologies that are being deployed across various sectors.[47] Cyber security has become the primary condition for trust. AI may open new avenues in manipulation and attack methods. This has caused new privacy challenges in the relationship between AI and data governance. For machine learning algorithms to be effective it is essential to have relevant training on data such as AI and Ethics Training, Data Governance and compliance training, etc, and to control this learning process to avoid any bias. Thus, a regional approach is necessary to address these disparities and ensure consistent ethical standards across the board. Regional authorities can prove to be an asset in disseminating best practices, regulating harmonization and initiating AI cross-border collaboration. Through collaboration, countries can try to make sure that no country, particularly those that have poorer AI capabilities, should be able to be left behind in the race towards ethical AI practices.

113 Leave a comment on paragraph 113 0 Ensuring Inclusivity in AI Development

114 Leave a comment on paragraph 114 0 Inclusive AI development requires the active involvement of a wide range of stakeholders, particularly those from marginalized or underrepresented communities. For example, people with disabilities must have a seat at the table when developing AI systems to ensure their unique needs are addressed from the outset. AI technologies have the potential to greatly benefit persons with disabilities, but only if they are designed with accessibility and inclusivity in mind.

115 Leave a comment on paragraph 115 0 Governments, tech companies, civil society organizations, and international bodies must collaborate to create policies that ensure AI technologies are not just ethical but also accessible to all. This involves setting standards for accessible AI design, providing support for localized AI development, and ensuring that underserved populations have access to the tools and resources needed to fully engage with AI systems.

116 Leave a comment on paragraph 116 0 Building Public Trust Through Accountability

117 Leave a comment on paragraph 117 1 Enhancing public trust in AI systems, particularly in critical areas such as elections calls for proper accountability mechanisms. Without it, AI can exacerbate the fears in the populace regarding the institutions and increase societal polarization. Developers should provide information on how AI works, the data that has been fed into it, and how bias reduction is being achieved. Regulators should ensure that this responsibility is discharged by engaging in audits, impact evaluations, and making disclosures, while citizens should have avenues to contest AI outcomes that have an effect on them.

118 Leave a comment on paragraph 118 0 AI Governance as a Collective Responsibility

119 Leave a comment on paragraph 119 1 In its essence, the governance of AI is a global collaborative multistakeholder effort that involves governments, private corporations, the technical community, and civil society to ensure AI contributes to the positive development of human society. In this regard, it is important to add the principles of public accountability, inclusiveness, and transparency because AI will promote changes in democratic procedures and the social order.

DIGITAL RIGHTS, LAWS, AND GOVERNANCE

120 Leave a comment on paragraph 120 0 The various Internet governance systems in the Asia Pacific region are a reflection of the uniqueness of each country’s technology integration and level of democracy. Policy is highly influenced by multistakeholderism with the provision of digital rights remaining critical in inclusive governance.

121 Leave a comment on paragraph 121 0 Digital Sovereignty and its Fragmentation Concerns

122 Leave a comment on paragraph 122 0 Countries in the region have enhanced digital sovereignty but this may come at the cost of fragmentation of the Internet and endangerment of digital rights particularly in the regions of control as opposed to transparency. It Is necessary to address the structure and functioning of the legal systems so that these do not allow the rise of digital authoritarianism.

123 Leave a comment on paragraph 123 0 Human-Centric and Inclusive Policymaking

124 Leave a comment on paragraph 124 0 Policies of governance must be human rights centric with the participation of the civil society to avoid policies that tend to favour the elite at the expense of the marginalized sections of society.

TRANSPARENCY AND CONSENT IN DATA USAGE

125 Leave a comment on paragraph 125 0 Need for Consent

126 Leave a comment on paragraph 126 0 Data usage must be limited to what users have authorized, and individuals have the right to control data collection and withdraw if they so choose. For example, in Taiwan, concerns over health data misuse have led the constitutional court to mandate new regulations by 2025.[48] South Korea is similarly grappling with finding the appropriate balance in regulating health data, while in South Asia, India has launched ambitious digital health data programs without yet implementing adequate protections for user privacy.

127 Leave a comment on paragraph 127 0 As data privacy concerns escalate in South and Southeast Asia, the voices demanding accountability of platforms toward regulating social media and communication platforms are getting louder.⁵⁴ Singapore is now talking about legislative measures, while Australia is facing voluntary agreements by the industry. Meanwhile, India is taking legislative actions; thus the effect will be increased transparency and curbs harmful content as well. These different approaches reflect a struggle to balance the free expression values with safety concerns in this region, but actually, what is really needed now is better-coordinated governance that strikes a balance between protecting users and building trust on digital platforms.

128 Leave a comment on paragraph 128 0 Advancing data privacy and trust

129 Leave a comment on paragraph 129 0 The countries of the Asia Pacific region need to ensure such privacy protection principles are embedded in the legal frameworks to give a high level of protection and encourage creativity. Trust can be built by clearly delineating the legal bounds of data collection and the scope of data use. There should be clear communication of the purpose of users’ data, and this can empower users to make informed decisions. This ensures the ethical, transparent, and consensual use of data.

130 Leave a comment on paragraph 130 0 This new wave of digital authoritarianism spurred the development of a Digital Bill of Rights⁵⁵. This Digital Bill of Rights attempts to build a comprehensive framework that safeguards the fundamental rights of users within the virtual space and grants persons protection against state overreach when matters relating to emerging technologies come up. This can serve as a good precedent in instilling privacy, transparency, and consent in pushing for the push for ethical practices in data governance. A rights-based approach leads to a safer and more accountable digital environment.

ACCOUNTABILITY AND ETHICAL DATA PRACTICES IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR

131 Leave a comment on paragraph 131 1 The private sector has a vital responsibility to ensure ethical data practices and accountability for the adoption of emerging technologies. In this age where business organizations rely heavily on data, there should be clear and responsible practices around this area. A key issue is the opacity around how these companies gather, disseminate, and utilize individualized information. Consumer confidence calls for a clear establishment of transparency standards.

132 Leave a comment on paragraph 132 0 Mitigating Bias and Fairness Issues in AI

133 Leave a comment on paragraph 133 0 AI and automated decision-making pose larger ethical issues, especially around bias[49]. Algorithmic bias can adversely affect already disadvantaged groups thus creating a case for frequent audits to check for fairness. Accountability for adverse effects must be embedded in corporate behaviors.

134 Leave a comment on paragraph 134 0 Internal and External Accountability Mechanisms

135 Leave a comment on paragraph 135 0 Enlisting third-party auditors and ethics committees for independent reviews can help enhance accountability as well. These institutions can evaluate the data practices conducted and offer an impartial assessment of potential ethical risks.[50] Companies should be able to monitor their business processes by creating internal teams that will be in charge of data usage and compliance. Specific rules about data utilization and employing ethics experts can foster compliance with data regulations.

136 Leave a comment on paragraph 136 0 Data Security and Breach Accountability

137 Leave a comment on paragraph 137 0 Data Security cybersecurity is an ever-present challenge, especially with unauthorized access to sensitive data being a major concern. More severe and detailed sanctions and regulations ought to be established so as to ensure businesses become proactive in safeguarding user data.

138 Leave a comment on paragraph 138 0 Monetization of Personal Data

139 Leave a comment on paragraph 139 0 The monetization of personal data raises significant ethical concerns, particularly regarding companies profiting from user information without adequate consent or compensation. Clear guidelines must promote fair data practices, ensuring users retain control over their information and benefit from its use.

140 Leave a comment on paragraph 140 0 Ensuring Accountability, Transparency, and Fairness in Data Governance

141 Leave a comment on paragraph 141 0 Ethical Data Practices and User Rights Users’ rights must be safeguarded through trust building measures such as fair data processing. It is essential to be transparent with users about what data is collected, for what purpose, and how it will be utilized.[51]

142 Leave a comment on paragraph 142 0 Data as an Asset for Fairness Ethical data practices can help achieve fairness, especially for the disadvantaged. This can be used to help reduce unequal access to services and biases in decision-based algorithms.[52]

143 Leave a comment on paragraph 143 0 Ethical Data Collection, Usage, and Retention

144 Leave a comment on paragraph 144 1 In order to ensure transparency, individuals should be informed of any definite purpose limiting the collection of personal data to such purposes only. This is the case in both the GDPR and the Personal Data Protection Act of Thailand PDPA[53], which was constructed following the GDPR principles. Both mention that the processes of the collection of data are somehow responsible and self-explanatory. Still, challenges have arisen, especially regarding data retention, its safekeeping, and obtaining relevant consent from the user. To avoid breach of such trust, organizations are required to limit data collection, offer individuals ways to access and correct inaccuracies, and provide individuals with a clear and strict data retention policy so that no personal data is held for longer than the time limit provided. The rules on data protection can be more consistent with the expectations of the users and facilitate.

145 Leave a comment on paragraph 145 0 Interoperable Data Governance and Accountability

146 Leave a comment on paragraph 146 0 Amending and integrating policies and frameworks based on best-fit working models ensures interoperable accountability mechanisms for data governance. Companies should focus on building mechanisms to manage data responsibly and make sharing information without any limitations possible.

CHILD SAFETY AND DIGITAL LITERACY

147 Leave a comment on paragraph 147 0 As AI, blockchain and IoT change the digital terrain, child online protection and children’s digital competence have never been of greater relevance. These technologies provide opportunities but also have challenges, particularly in protecting children as users. These challenges can be addressed through ethical governance, transparency, and education for all, to ensure that children’s rights are upheld.

148 Leave a comment on paragraph 148 0 Ethical Governance for Child Safety

149 Leave a comment on paragraph 149 0 New technologies raise ethical concerns that involve privacy, data protection, and bias. Governance frameworks for such new technologies should be child-centered and ensure that the security of children is not negotiable and that children are in a safe virtual environment from the onset. The holistic integration of children’s safety features will require the collaboration of stakeholders like tech developers, educators, and parents.

150 Leave a comment on paragraph 150 0 Digital Literacy: Empowering Children

151 Leave a comment on paragraph 151 0 Digital literacy is a key prerequisite for empowering children to use the Internet for good. This goes wider than just understanding how to use devices – children also need to use critical thinking, understand the principles of privacy, tenets of digital safety, and have respect for other people online. Children have to use the increasing online resources for learning. Schools, parents, and local communities need to have holistic programs and activities that promote active and responsible use of the Internet.[54] 

152 Leave a comment on paragraph 152 0 Equitable Access to Technology

153 Leave a comment on paragraph 153 0 Socio-economic disparities, gender inequalities, and infrastructural challenges in the APAC region limit some children’s access to technology and safe online environments. Bridging these gaps requires collaboration across governments, the private sector, and civil society. All children, regardless of their background, should be able to access the digital world safely, while being protected from its inherent dangers.

154 Leave a comment on paragraph 154 0 Strengthening Regulatory Frameworks and Building Child-centric Policies

155 Leave a comment on paragraph 155 0 The advancement of Internet technology has added new threats for children including online bullying, scams, and child sexual abuse. Protecting their digital rights is a social responsibility that needs the help of parents, teachers, and lawmakers. In the APAC region, some conflicting cultural norms and socio-economic factors render the safe use of the Internet more challenging. Thus, there is a need to develop contextual solutions that embrace the needs of society.

156 Leave a comment on paragraph 156 0 Child-centered regulation and policies that promote online security need to be built in a multistakeholder manner, with expertise from the civil society and technical community, promulgation of industry-wide initiatives by the private sector, and enforcement of legislation and regulation and cross-jurisdictional cooperation by the governments.

157 Leave a comment on paragraph 157 0 The Role of Regional Cooperation

158 Leave a comment on paragraph 158 0 Regional cooperation is crucial to ensure that all children  benefit from a safe and inclusive digital environment in the Asia Pacific region. Stakeholders must regularly engage in dialogue to share experiences, discuss policy challenges, offer best practices. and collaborate on effective solutions. National and Regional Internet Governance Forums (NRIs)  like the Asia Pacific Regional Internet Governance Forum (APrIGF) offer spaces where these conversations can happen.

159 Leave a comment on paragraph 159 0 Securing Children’s Safety: An Ethical Obligation

160 Leave a comment on paragraph 160 0 Ultimately, ensuring the safety of children in the digital age is not just a technical issue, but an ethical one. By prioritizing education, collaboration, and governance, a digital world can be built where children’s rights are respected, and children are equipped with knowledge and empowered with agency to thrive to their benefit online.

CONCLUSION

161 Leave a comment on paragraph 161 0 Empowering local communities, fostering ethical practices in fact-checking, and enhancing media literacy are vital in addressing misinformation and disinformation. Digital education, particularly in remote areas and vulnerable groups, must be prioritized to ensure equitable access and protection from exploitation. Multistakeholder collaboration between governments, the technical community, private sector, and civil society is crucial to building resilient, informed communities capable of navigating the digital landscape responsibly.

162 Leave a comment on paragraph 162 0 Building Internet resilience is essential to ensure continuous service amidst challenges like natural disasters, cyber threats, and geopolitical tensions. Key actions include supporting small ISPs in underserved areas, enhancing infrastructure redundancy, and adopting secure protocols such as DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH) and DNS-over-TLS (DoT) to protect against disruptions. Multistakeholder collaboration is vital to strengthen physical and digital resilience, ensuring systems can recover quickly from disruptions.

163 Leave a comment on paragraph 163 0 Resilience also requires robust governance frameworks that prevent internet fragmentation while balancing national security with global interoperability. Integrating sustainability into resilience efforts, such as optimizing energy use in data centers, will help align internet growth with environmental goals. A holistic approach combining infrastructure, governance, and eco-friendly practices is critical to maintaining a resilient and open internet across the Asia Pacific region.

164 Leave a comment on paragraph 164 1 Ethical governance of technologies in their inception stages such as AI, blockchain, and IoT is necessary for society to reap the benefits these technologies bring while eradicating any possible threats these technologies have. Developing and deploying these technologies should avoid minimizing the risks of reinforcing existing inequalities, or creating new ones by design and default without a bias toward transparency, fairness, inclusivity, and accountability. It is particularly important for those whose rights have been violated, who have been deprived of access to these technologies in the first place, and for whom the most pressing need is to be able to catch up as a community.

165 Leave a comment on paragraph 165 0 In this regard, there is also a need to promote regional and global collaboration, build a robust data governance framework covering all aspects, and address the problem of AI bias in order to establish and gain people’s confidence towards the use of technology by all layers of society. Ethical governance mechanisms should support the process of true value creation, fundamental rights, the democratic process, and sustainable development for a fair, equitable, and responsible digital world.

166 Leave a comment on paragraph 166 0 The Asia Pacific region stands at a critical juncture in its adoption of emerging technologies. While the potential for innovation is immense, so too are the ethical challenges that must be addressed to ensure that these technologies serve the public good. The discussions at APrIGF 2024 underscore the importance of a balanced approach—one that promotes innovation while protecting fundamental human rights and ensuring that no one is left behind in the digital revolution.

167 Leave a comment on paragraph 167 0 Footnotes:

168 Leave a comment on paragraph 168 0 [1] Taiwan Preparatory Office of Personal Data Protection Commission, “Personal Data Protection Act”, laws and regulation database. Available at https://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=I0050021 (accessed on 21 October 2024).

169 Leave a comment on paragraph 169 0 [2] APrIGF, “Defending against Digital Deception: Strategies for Preventing Online Scams and Identity Theft?”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyMjk4YmE2YzEwMy8vMzQvLzE5NDIvLzA= (accessed on 21 October 2024)

170 Leave a comment on paragraph 170 0 [3] The State Bank of Vietnam, “SBV’s guidance on implementation of Decision 2345/QD-NHNN”, news article. Available at https://sbv.gov.vn/webcenter/portal/en/links/cm409?dDocName=SBV604617 (accessed on 21 October 2024)

171 Leave a comment on paragraph 171 0 [4] APrIGF, “Messaging scam and combatting to protect human rights and democracy”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyYmJiODdiMDEwYS8vMzQvLzIwMTAvLzA= (accessed on 21 October 2024)

172 Leave a comment on paragraph 172 0 [5] APrIGF, “Defending against Digital Deception: Strategies for Preventing Online Scams and Identity Theft?”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyMjk4YmE2YzEwMy8vMzQvLzE5NDIvLzA= (accessed on 21 October 2024)

173 Leave a comment on paragraph 173 1 [6] Thailand Information and Communication Technology Center, “Cybersecurity Act, B.E. 2562 (2019)”, government gazette. Available at https://ict.rid.go.th/data/docs/law/EN/CybersecurityAct-2019-EN.pdf (accessed on 21 October 2024)

174 Leave a comment on paragraph 174 0 [7] Thailand Ministry of Digital Economy and Society, “Personal Data Protection Act, B.E. 2562 (2019)”, government gazette. Available at https://www.mdes.go.th/law/detail/3577-Personal-Data-Protection-Act-B-E–2562–2019- (accessed on 21 October 2024)

175 Leave a comment on paragraph 175 0 [8] APrIGF, “Infrastructures of Repression: Cybersecurity and Human Rights in the Asia Pacific”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYzNDgyZTU0Mzc5ZS8vMzQvLzIwNDkvLzA= (accessed on 21 October 2024)

176 Leave a comment on paragraph 176 0 [9] Taiwan National Development Council, “Public Policy Online Participation Network Platform”, website. Available at https://join.gov.tw/ (accessed on 21 October 2024)

177 Leave a comment on paragraph 177 0 [10] Taiwan Cofacts, “Cofacts”, website. Available at https://en.cofacts.tw (accessed on 21 October 2024)

178 Leave a comment on paragraph 178 0 [11] APrIGF, “NetMundial+10, GDC, WSIS+20 – what else is happening in the world of Internet governance”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyYmU1MTBlZDZiZS8vMzQvLzIwMTUvLzA= (accessed on 21 October 2024)

179 Leave a comment on paragraph 179 0 [12] APrIGF, “Platform Accountability in South and Southeast Asia”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyMGI0MzZjZDljYS8vMzQvLzE5MjMvLzA= (accessed on 21 October 2024)

180 Leave a comment on paragraph 180 0 [13] Australian Competition & Consumer Commission, “News media bargaining code”, treasury laws amendment bill. Available at https://www.accc.gov.au/by-industry/digital-platforms-and-services/news-media-bargaining-code/news-media-bargaining-code (accessed on 21 October 2024)

181 Leave a comment on paragraph 181 0 [14] APrIGF, “Digital Frontlines: Safeguarding Human Rights Defenders in the Cyber Age”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyMTE5MmRkNTFkYS8vMzQvLzE5MjgvLzA= (accessed on 22 October 2024)

182 Leave a comment on paragraph 182 0 [15] APrIGF, “Digital Frontlines: Safeguarding Human Rights Defenders in the Cyber Age”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyMTE5MmRkNTFkYS8vMzQvLzE5MjgvLzA= (accessed on 22 October 2024)

183 Leave a comment on paragraph 183 0 [16] vTaiwan, “vTaiwan”, website. Available at https://vtaiwan.tw/ (accessed on 22 October 2024)

184 Leave a comment on paragraph 184 0 [17] APrIGF, “Digital Bill of Rights: A Systematic Bottom-Up Approach Towards Freedom in the Digital Age”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyMGRhMDdjOTlhZi8vMzQvLzE5MjUvLzA= (accessed on 22 October 2024)

185 Leave a comment on paragraph 185 0 [18] APrIGF, “BreaktheSilo: Streamlining Gender Safety in the Digital Space”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyYzM0ZTdjYmE3ZC8vMzQvLzIwMzQvLzA= (accessed on 22 October 2024)

186 Leave a comment on paragraph 186 0 [19] APrIGF, “Charting the Path for a Regional Fact-Checking Coalition in the Asia Pacific”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyMjIyMzg2M2E5YS8vMzQvLzE5MzcvLzA= (accessed on 22 October 2024)

187 Leave a comment on paragraph 187 0 [20] APrIGF, “Gendered Disinformation – Deepening understanding and exploring countermeasures”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyYmU3ODYxOGI3NS8vMzQvLzIwMTcvLzA= (accessed on 22 October 2024)

188 Leave a comment on paragraph 188 0 [21] APrIGF, “Digital Bill of Rights: A Systematic Bottom-Up Approach Towards Freedom in the Digital Age”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyMGRhMDdjOTlhZi8vMzQvLzE5MjUvLzA= (accessed on 22 October 2024)

189 Leave a comment on paragraph 189 0 [22] Cornell Law School, “Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act of 1996”, U.S. Code. Available at https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/47/230 (accessed on 22 October 2024)

190 Leave a comment on paragraph 190 0 [23] APrIGF, “Digital Bill of Rights: A Systematic Bottom-Up Approach Towards Freedom in the Digital Age”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyMGRhMDdjOTlhZi8vMzQvLzE5MjUvLzA= (accessed on 22 October 2024)

191 Leave a comment on paragraph 191 0 [24] APrIGF, “Gendered Disinformation – Deepening understanding and exploring countermeasures”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyYmU3ODYxOGI3NS8vMzQvLzIwMTcvLzA= (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

192 Leave a comment on paragraph 192 0 [25] BlazingCDN, “Geographic Differences in CDN Performance and How to Address Them”, blog post. Available at https://blog.blazingcdn.com/en-us/geographic-differences-in-cdn-performance-and-how-to-address-them (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

193 Leave a comment on paragraph 193 0 [26] Su-Lin Tan, “Asia-Pacific faces fallout from CrowdStrike outage: ‘It will continue to happen’”, South China Morning Post, 26 Jul 2024. Available at https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/economics/article/3271923/asia-pacific-faces-fallout-crowdstrike-outage-it-will-continue-happen (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

194 Leave a comment on paragraph 194 0 [27]APrIGF, “Strengthening the Digital Resilience of Taiwan: with Special Reference to Undersea Cables”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYxZjc1MWY3YWJmOC8vMzQvLzE5MjAvLzA=  (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

195 Leave a comment on paragraph 195 0 [28]APrIGF, “Regulatory Resilience in the Age of Internet Fragmentation”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyMTYyMTY2NzJmOC8vMzQvLzE5MzMvLzA= (Accessed on 22 October 2024) 

196 Leave a comment on paragraph 196 0 [29]Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Ministry of Transport and Communication, “E-Governance Master Plan 2030”. Available at

197 Leave a comment on paragraph 197 0 https://motc.gov.mm/sites/default/files/Myanmar%20e-Governance%20Master%20Plan%202030%20(%E1%80%99%E1%80%B0%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8).pdf (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

198 Leave a comment on paragraph 198 0 [30]APrIGF, “Bottom-up Advocacy for a Resilient Internet”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyNzY2YmMwYWQ4NC8vMzQvLzE5NjUvLzA= (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

199 Leave a comment on paragraph 199 0 [31]APrIGF, “Regulatory Resilience in the Age of Internet Fragmentation”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyMTYyMTY2NzJmOC8vMzQvLzE5MzMvLzA= (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

200 Leave a comment on paragraph 200 0 [32]APrIGF, “Internet infrastructure resilience during disaster event – Case Study for the 0403 Taiwan Earthquake, and others”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyMGUwNzcxOWI1NS8vMzQvLzE5MjcvLzA= (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

201 Leave a comment on paragraph 201 0 [33]APrIGF, “Strengthening the Digital Resilience of Taiwan: with Special Reference to Undersea Cables”, proposal form. Available at https://aprigf.tw/programs/strengthening-the-digital-resilience-of-taiwan-with-special-reference-to-undersea-cables/ (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

202 Leave a comment on paragraph 202 0 [34]European Union, “EU-Singapore Free Trade Agreement”, 01 February 2023. Available at

203 Leave a comment on paragraph 203 0 https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/eu-singapore-digital-partnership (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

204 Leave a comment on paragraph 204 0 [35]DotAsia Foundation, “EcoInternet Index.” Available at https://ecointernet.asia (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

205 Leave a comment on paragraph 205 0 [36]APrIGF, “Striving for EcoInternet, towards a resilient Internet”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyMjljN2M1MDA0YS8vMzQvLzE5NDMvLzA= (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

206 Leave a comment on paragraph 206 0 [37]APrIGF, “Digital Leap- Enhancing Connectivity in South Asia”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyMTM2OWQ1YjJkMC8vMzQvLzE5MzEvLzA= (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

207 Leave a comment on paragraph 207 0 [38]United Nations, document A/79/L.2. Available at

208 Leave a comment on paragraph 208 0 https://www.un.org/global-digital-compact/sites/default/files/2024-09/Global%20Digital%20Compact%20-%20English_0.pdf (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

209 Leave a comment on paragraph 209 0 [39] The Internet Monitoring Action Project, “About The Internet Monitoring Action Project (iMAP)”, 2024. Available at https://imap.sinarproject.org/ (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

210 Leave a comment on paragraph 210 0 [40]APrIGF, “Enhancing Internet and Web Standards to Address DNS Tampering”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyYmFhMmU2ZWU0Ni8vMzQvLzIwMDYvLzA= (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

211 Leave a comment on paragraph 211 0 [41]APrIGF, “Bottom-up Advocacy for a Resilient Internet”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyNzY2YmMwYWQ4NC8vMzQvLzE5NjUvLzA= (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

212 Leave a comment on paragraph 212 0 [42]European Union, “The European Digital Services Act (DSA)”, 27 October 2022. Available at

213 Leave a comment on paragraph 213 0 https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/europe-fit-digital-age/digital-services-act_en#:~:text=Digital%20Services%20Act%20(DSA)%20overview&text=Its%20main%20goal%20is%20to,and%20open%20online%20platform%20environment (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

214 Leave a comment on paragraph 214 0 [43]APrIGF, “Regulatory Resilience in the Age of Internet Fragmentation”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyMTYyMTY2NzJmOC8vMzQvLzE5MzMvLzA= (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

215 Leave a comment on paragraph 215 0 [44] Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG), “Report of the Working Group on Internet Governance”, June 2005. Available at  https://www.wgig.org/docs/WGIGREPORT.pdf (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

216 Leave a comment on paragraph 216 0 [45] APrIGF, “Contextualising Fairness: AI Governance in Asia”, proposal form. Available at

217 Leave a comment on paragraph 217 0 https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyYjdiYmUzMDk2OC8vMzQvLzE5ODgvLzA= (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

218 Leave a comment on paragraph 218 0 [46] APrIGF, “A Multistakeholder Approach to Safeguarding Information Integrity through Advancing Internet Governance in Asia and the Pacific”, proposal form. Available at

219 Leave a comment on paragraph 219 0 https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyYjgwYzdlMGZhOC8vMzQvLzE5OTAvLzA= (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

220 Leave a comment on paragraph 220 0 [47] APrIGF, “From Innovation to Impact: Responsible AI – challenges and opportunities to tackle online fraud and scams”, themed track proposal form. Available athttps://aprigf.tw/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Proposal-Form-From-Innovation-to-Impact-Responsible-AI-challenges-and-opportunities-to-tackle-online-fraud-and-sca2.pdf (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

221 Leave a comment on paragraph 221 0 [48] APrIGF, “Health Data Governance through AI Booming Age : A Journey in Taiwan”, proposal form. Available at  https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyMjQ5MTQ4ZDY3MC8vMzQvLzE5MzkvLzA= (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

222 Leave a comment on paragraph 222 0 [49]  APrIGF, “Health Data Governance through AI Booming Age : A Journey in Taiwan”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyMjQ5MTQ4ZDY3MC8vMzQvLzE5MzkvLzA=. (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

223 Leave a comment on paragraph 223 0 [50] Big Data Framework. “Why Data Ethics Matter | Establishing a Data Ethics Framework.”, website. Available at https://www.bigdataframework.org (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

224 Leave a comment on paragraph 224 0 [51] European Union, “General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) – Regulation (EU) 2016/679”, law journal. Available at https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

225 Leave a comment on paragraph 225 0 [52] APrIGF, “Building Holistic Resilience to Address Emerging Ethical and Social Challenges in the Digital and AI Age”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyNjVjMmY5N2M3MS8vMzQvLzE5NTkvLzA= (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

226 Leave a comment on paragraph 226 0 [53]  APrIGF, “Building Holistic Resilience to Address Emerging Ethical and Social Challenges in the Digital and AI Age”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyNjVjMmY5N2M3MS8vMzQvLzE5NTkvLzA= (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

227 Leave a comment on paragraph 227 0 [54] APrIGF, “Securing Trust: Ethical Governance in Championing Children’s Digital Rights”, proposal form. Available at

228 Leave a comment on paragraph 228 0 https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYzNDZmYWE1NzcwNy8vMzQvLzIwNDUvLzA= (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

229 Leave a comment on paragraph 229 0 ⁵⁴ APrIGF, “Platform Accountability in South and Southeast Asia”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyMGI0MzZjZDljYS8vMzQvLzE5MjMvLzA= (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

230 Leave a comment on paragraph 230 0 ⁵⁵ APrIGF, “Digital Bill of Rights: A Systematic Bottom-Up Approach Towards Freedom in the Digital Age”, proposal form. Available at https://forms.for.asia/proposal/?proposalform=NjYyMGRhMDdjOTlhZi8vMzQvLzE5MjUvLzA= (Accessed on 22 October 2024)

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