Asia Pacific Regional Internet Governance Forum 2017 Bangkok Synthesis Document – Draft 0
¶ 1 Leave a comment on paragraph 1 4 Background
¶ 2 Leave a comment on paragraph 2 2 First published in 2015, the Asia Pacific Regional Internet Governance Forum (APrIGF) Synthesis Document aims to identify items of common interest and relevance to Internet governance within the Asia Pacific region and to reflect the discussions which take place at the APrIGF conference[1] each year. Building on the APrIGF Synthesis Document from APrIGF 2015 Macao[2], and 2016 Taipei[3], the process for the 2017 Synthesis document now includes two webinars[4] with two public comment periods[5] to collect wider input from the Asia Pacific Internet community across all stakeholder groups to build a more comprehensive and collaborative open document.
¶ 3 Leave a comment on paragraph 3 0 Purpose
¶ 4 Leave a comment on paragraph 4 1 The Synthesis Document aims to document the contributions and outputs of participants at the APrIGF meeting (as well as the broader APrIGF community through remote participation and dissemination on the mailing list and online platform) and is not intended to be representative of the diverse Asia Pacific region. Nevertheless, it is anticipated by APrIGF Multistakeholder Steering Group (MSG)[6] and the Drafting Committee[7] that the development of this Synthesis Document can help drive active participation in the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) process and demonstrate the value of the annual APrIGF meeting as a platform for voices, views and thoughts in the Asia Pacific region as contribution to relevant global, national, local and international forums on Internet governance.
¶ 5 Leave a comment on paragraph 5 0 Introduction
¶ 6 Leave a comment on paragraph 6 1 In December 2015, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) reviewed the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS+10) and as part of the WSIS+10 outcome[8], renewed the IGF mandate for another 10 years. In its resolution[9], the UNGA called for the ‘close alignment between the [WSIS] process and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development‘ and highlighted the contribution of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)[10].
¶ 7 Leave a comment on paragraph 7 2 In June this year, the IGF Multistakeholder Advisory Group (MAG) held their second open consultation and meeting[11]. The MAG recognized the importance of the intersessional work done in the National and Regional Initiatives (NRIs) and strongly supported continuing the intersessional work on ‘Policy Options for Connecting the Next Billion(s)’ in a Phase III. These initiatives, along with Dynamic Coalitions (DCs) and the Best Practice Forums (BPFs), will be given space to hold main sessions at the annual global IGF meeting to be held from December 2017 in Geneva, Switzerland.
¶ 8 Leave a comment on paragraph 8 2 The Asia Pacific Regional Internet Governance Forum (APrIGF) serves as a platform for discussion, exchange and collaboration at a regional level, and also where possible to aggregate national and local IGF discussions, to ultimately advance the Internet governance development in the Asia Pacific region.
¶ 9 Leave a comment on paragraph 9 1 Key Issues in the Asia Pacific region – Ensuring an inclusive and sustainable development in Asia Pacific: A regional agenda for internet governance
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I. Access, Empowerment and Diversity
Strategies must be developed around shaping technology, policies, and processes for improving ICT resilience to disasters[12], creating a holistic approach towards eGovernance[13] and push back against Internet shut-downs[14]. Community networks and public access to ICT[15] help improve digital literacy and provide access to marginalized and underserved communities. Youth-driven initiatives[16] leverage information technology to drive social changes and better empower the next generation of the region. As improved technological opportunities, such as IPv6[17], Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs)[18] and Email Address Internationalization (EAI)[19], facilitate access for the next billion Internet users; it is important that explicit measures are taken to support, conserve and enhance their individual and collective uniqueness, and the language, geographic and cultural diversity that these new users will bring to the Internet.
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II. Security – Cybersecurity, Privacy and Safer Internet
Cyber security, the protection of online systems from damage and disruption, is critical not just to the stability of cyberspace, but also increasingly important to the physical world. Whether it is security, stability and resilience of the Internet infrastructure or security of network and information systems, collaboration is needed to mitigate[20] and prevent cyber security incidents[21] within and beyond the Asia Pacific region, and the setting of global encryption standards is encouraged[22].
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Legislation and Policies Governing ICTs
Across the Asia Pacific region, legislation[23] has been developed to govern various aspects of the Internet. Legislation that traditionally govern offline spaces is also used in tandem with these specialised legislation to address violations. These provisions must respect internationally recognised human rights and standards for restrictions. They must also draw from other documents on ICTs including the Council of Europe’s Convention on Cybercrime[24]. Particularly, states should be urged to reconsider the manner in which mutual legal assistance agreements (MLATs)[25] are currently implemented. The right to privacy, access to justice and rule of law must be upheld when data of individuals are shared by states.
¶ 13 Leave a comment on paragraph 13 2 A three-part test of legality, legitimacy and proportionality must be ensured to be passed for all relevant jurisdictions in the investigation or prosecution. An oversight of the process must be required from all participating countries. Data about requests should be made available to the public, for the interest of transparency[26] and accountability.
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Privacy and data protection
Privacy and data protection are critical issues in this new era. At times privacy and data protection may come into conflict with freedom of expression, and in this context it should be noted that the protection of children[27] and youth[28] from illegal and harmful online contents is an important issue not only for the Asia Pacific region. It is vital for all stakeholders to cooperate and collaborate on effective policies and frameworks to uphold the freedom of expression online, free flow of information, and the protection of children and youth online.
¶ 15 Leave a comment on paragraph 15 2 While expectation of privacy may vary by cultures, comprehensive protection mechanisms must meet internationally recognised right to privacy. Considering the nature of cross-border data transfer for online services, differing levels of protection in relevant jurisdictions and general lack of user awareness, the highest level of protection should be guaranteed as a default safeguard.
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III. Digital Economy and Enabling Innovations
Digital economy and trade are key enablers for the development of the world economy[29], yet they severely challenge traditional national borders. Disruptive innovations such as blockchain[30] potentially able to redesign our interactions in business, politics and society. The digital economy and trade cannot be successful without trust[31], the free flow of information and appropriate domestic and global rules. On the other hand, there is a growing trend that some governments take protectionist approaches on trade by limiting the free flow of information and/or requiring data localization, and the trend hinders the further growth of the world economy. Therefore, constructing the further network of free trade agreements[32] which requires member states to maintain the free flow of information and to ensure the prohibition of data localization as well as source code disclosure unless there is a legitimate public policy reason is highly recommended. In this regard, close collaboration and thorough discussion among not only governments, but also other stakeholders is indispensable.
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IV. Human Rights and the Internet
Human rights agreements should apply to the Internet environment in the areas of access and development, freedom of expression[33], right to assembly and privacy as well as on the right to information, education, health, culture, and to a broad range of other rights[34] as set out in the WSIS Geneva Declaration of Principles[35], Tunis Agenda for the Information Society[36], and other agreed international conventions and declarations[37]. The impact of existing and emerging laws, policies, and practices on the security of network and information systems, data protection, surveillance, anonymity, intermediary liability and cyber-crime must protect human rights and meet international standards for guarantees. These issues have been the subject of intense scrutiny and debate by all stakeholders at the APrIGF meeting. The application of human rights should also consider issues of gender, disability, age and sexuality[38]. Respect for human rights is fundamental to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)[39].
¶ 18 Leave a comment on paragraph 18 0 Addressing Intermediary Liability appropriately is a critical step in enhancing the use of the Internet. To that end, the Manila Principles[40] have been drafted by a multistakeholder group and published and consulted at the RightsCon 2015[41]. More work needs to be done to put the Manila Principles into practice.
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Internet blocks
Uninterrupted access to the Internet is essential for the free exercise of rights online. Network shutdowns and blocking have serious economic consequences and impede the right to information, expression, assembly and association among other rights as well. Any disruptions to the access to mobile and Internet services must comply with strict standards established in national legislation and must meet the threshold of legality, necessity and proportionality laid down in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights[42].
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Right to be Forgotten
Right to be forgotten[43] as a principle must be approached with caution. Significant and competing issues relating to its extraterritorial application, digitised media archives and the integrity of historical records, the rights of individuals and media freedoms must be weighed carefully. Moreover, emerging jurisprudence on this subject competes with public interest as it imposes a burden of proving public interest on people searching for information or intermediaries facilitating that search such as libraries, educational institutions, archives and search engines.
¶ 21
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Gender digital divide and ending online gender-based violence
The gender digital divide is a continued and important concern in efforts to address disparity in Internet access in the region. Meaningful and equal access for women includes addressing issues related to connectivity as well as the persistent disparities in literacy and income, barriers in the form of social and cultural norms as well as online gender-based violence.
¶ 22 Leave a comment on paragraph 22 0 Taking effective action to counter gender-based violence online is important in ensuring the Internet fulfils its potential as a positive driver for change and development, as well as in helping to construct a safe and secure environment for women and girls in every sphere of life[44]. Gender-based violence can, among other things, limit women’s ability to take advantage of the opportunities that ICTs provide for the full realisation of women’s human rights, act as a barrier to access[45] that can exacerbate the gender digital gap, violate women’s human rights, and reproduce gender stereotypes and discrimination. It is important that all stakeholder groups participate in addressing the issue of online gender-based violence[47] through a range of strategies from the framework of human rights, including capacity building, more effective complaints and redress mechanisms, inclusive decision-making processes, and/or appropriate legislative and policy-based responses.
¶ 23 Leave a comment on paragraph 23 1 [1] APrIGF main website: http://aprigf.asia/
¶ 24 Leave a comment on paragraph 24 0 [2] APrIGF 2015 Macao Synthesis Document: http://2015.rigf.asia/macau-synthesis-doc-file/
¶ 25 Leave a comment on paragraph 25 1 [3] APrIGF 2016 Taipei Synthesis Document: http://aprigf.asia/documents/APrIGF_2016_Taipei_Synthesis_Document.pdf ; Appendix II: http://aprigf.asia/documents/2016appendixii.pdf
¶ 26 Leave a comment on paragraph 26 0 [4] Webinar 1: 11 July 2017, Webinar 2: 16 August 2017
¶ 27 Leave a comment on paragraph 27 0 [5] First Input/Public Comment Period 6-19 July 2017; Second Public Comment Period, 16-31 August 2017 http://comment.rigf.asia/
¶ 28 Leave a comment on paragraph 28 0 [6] APrIGF Multi-stakeholder Steering Group: http://aprigf.asia/msg.html
¶ 29 Leave a comment on paragraph 29 0 [7] APrIGF Synthesis Document Drafting Committee: http://aprigf.asia/drafting-committee.html
¶ 30 Leave a comment on paragraph 30 0 [8] WSIS+10 outcomes: http://workspace.unpan.org/sites/Internet/Documents/UNPAN96078.pdf
¶ 31 Leave a comment on paragraph 31 0 [9] Ibid.
¶ 32 Leave a comment on paragraph 32 0 [10] UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld
¶ 33 Leave a comment on paragraph 33 0 [11] Summary of 2nd Open Consultation and MAG meeting, : https://www.intgovforum.org/multilingual/content/igf-2017-second-open-consultations-mag-meeting-0
¶ 34 Leave a comment on paragraph 34 1 [12] WS. 38 "Cry for help!" – rapidly reconnecting the disconnected in disasters Rapid Restoration of Access to Telecommunications (RREACT) : http://igf.asia/WS_38
¶ 35 Leave a comment on paragraph 35 0 [13] WS. 27 Evolving an Open e-Governance Index for Networked Societies: http://igf.asia/WS_27
¶ 36 Leave a comment on paragraph 36 0 [14] WS. 94 Engaging with the #KeepItOn Movement: Fighting Internet Shutdowns: http://igf.asia/WS_94
¶ 37 Leave a comment on paragraph 37 0 [15] WS. 74 Community networks and public access to ICT: http://igf.asia/WS_74
¶ 38 Leave a comment on paragraph 38 0 [16] WS. 41 Youth-driven Internet Governance related Initiatives: http://igf.asia/WS_41
¶ 39 Leave a comment on paragraph 39 0 [17] Merger 3. National policies and Industry strategies on IPv6 in the Asia Pacific region: http://igf.asia/merger3
¶ 40 Leave a comment on paragraph 40 1 [18] WS. 35 Developing a Diverse and Inclusive Internet Through Internationalized Domain Names: http://igf.asia/WS_35
¶ 41 Leave a comment on paragraph 41 2 [19] WS. 1 Universal Acceptance : An Elixir to Inclusive and Multilingual Internet: http://igf.asia/WS_1
¶ 42 Leave a comment on paragraph 42 1 [20] WS. 25 Supporting National Computer Emergency Response Teams for Improving Cyber Security http://apps.2017.rigf.asia/submission/proposaldetail?id=47
¶ 43 Leave a comment on paragraph 43 0 [21] WWS. 29 Cyber Security Incident Role Play http://apps.2017.rigf.asia/submission/proposaldetail?id=51
¶ 44 Leave a comment on paragraph 44 1 [22] WWS. 83 Upgrade Required: Obfuscation and cryptographic http://apps.2017.rigf.asia/submission/proposaldetail?id=113
¶ 45 Leave a comment on paragraph 45 0 [23] WWS. 97 Trends in Cybercrime Law: Common legislative: http://apps.2017.rigf.asia/submission/proposaldetail?id=128
¶ 46 Leave a comment on paragraph 46 0 [24] WConvention on Cyber Crime: http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/185
¶ 47 Leave a comment on paragraph 47 0 [25] WWS. 98 Examining MLAT Alternatives for Asian Economies: http://apps.2017.rigf.asia/submission/proposaldetail?id=129
¶ 48 Leave a comment on paragraph 48 1 [26] WWS. 80 Algorithmic Transparency: Understanding why we are profiled in a certain manner http://apps.2017.rigf.asia/submission/proposaldetail?id=109
¶ 49 Leave a comment on paragraph 49 0 [27] WWS. 37 Detecting and removing child sexual abuse material. How is APAC doing? http://apps.2017.rigf.asia/submission/proposaldetail?id=60
¶ 50 Leave a comment on paragraph 50 0 [28] WWS. 36 Inclusive and multilateral approach to protect the youth http://apps.2017.rigf.asia/submission/proposaldetail?id=59
¶ 51 Leave a comment on paragraph 51 0 [29] WWS. 57 Connecting the Unconnected in Developing Asia for a Sustainable Digital Economy: http://apps.2017.rigf.asia/submission/proposaldetail?id=83, WS. 67 Towards Sustainable Development in Asia Pacific: Mobile Internet and Access to Knowledge in the Marketplace – http://apps.2017.rigf.asia/submission/proposaldetail?id=94
¶ 52 Leave a comment on paragraph 52 0 [30] WWS.81 Blockchain: Do we need killer applications before the realization of decentralized internet governance? – http://apps.2017.rigf.asia/submission/proposaldetail?id=111
¶ 53 Leave a comment on paragraph 53 0 [31] WS. 48 Enable Innovation and Trust in Internet Economy: Toward an Interoperable Online Authentication and Identification Infrastructure – http://apps.2017.rigf.asia/submission/proposaldetail?id=72
¶ 54 Leave a comment on paragraph 54 0 [32] Merger 4. Trade Rules for the Digital Economy: Asia’s Agreements at the WTO and RCEP – http://apps.2017.rigf.asia/submission/proposaldetail?id=56
¶ 55 Leave a comment on paragraph 55 0 [33] WS. 88 Unshackling Expression: A pathway to decriminalise the internet – http://apps.2017.rigf.asia/submission/proposaldetail?id=118
¶ 56 Leave a comment on paragraph 56 0 [34] WS. 93 The whole truth: Bringing Economic, Social and Cultural Rights into perspective – http://apps.2017.rigf.asia/submission/proposaldetail?id=123
¶ 57 Leave a comment on paragraph 57 0 [35] WSIS Geneva Declaration of Principles, 12 December 2003: http://www.itu.int/net/wsis/docs/geneva/official/dop.html
¶ 58 Leave a comment on paragraph 58 0 [36] WSIS Tunis Agenda for the Information Society, 18 November 2005: https://www.itu.int/net/wsis/docs2/tunis/off/6rev1.html
¶ 59 Leave a comment on paragraph 59 0 [37] Universal Declaration of Human Rights: http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/
¶ 60 Leave a comment on paragraph 60 1 [38] Merger 2. Content Moderation and Online Harassment: http://apps.2017.rigf.asia/submission/proposaldetail?id=135
¶ 61 Leave a comment on paragraph 61 0 [39] UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld
¶ 62 Leave a comment on paragraph 62 0 [40] Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability: https://www.manilaprinciples.org/
¶ 63 Leave a comment on paragraph 63 0 [41] RightsCon 2015, Manila: https://www.rightscon.org/past-events/
¶ 64 Leave a comment on paragraph 64 0 [42] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: http://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/ccpr.aspx
¶ 65 Leave a comment on paragraph 65 0 [43] Merger 1. Publicness and the Right to be Forgotten: the Debates Begin: http://apps.2017.rigf.asia/submission/proposaldetail?id=132
¶ 66 Leave a comment on paragraph 66 0 [44] WS. 63 Surveillance from a Feminist Perspective: http://apps.2017.rigf.asia/submission/proposaldetail?id=89
¶ 67 Leave a comment on paragraph 67 0 [45] WS.4 Access to rights online: Digital gap for disenfranchised and marginalized communities – http://apps.2017.rigf.asia/submission/proposaldetail?id=22
¶ 68 Leave a comment on paragraph 68 0 [46] WS. 22 Hack to fight online violence – http://apps.2017.rigf.asia/submission/proposaldetail?id=44
While the document is a great way to summarise the content at the conference, my concern is around the use and dissemination of the document and the learning thereby after the event.
Adding to the earlier comment it not just important to increase accessibility in the technological format sense, I also feel it is important to simplify the content in such a way that it is understood easily by all the end users of Internet broadly and can also serve as a user friendly document for referencing, learning for the new comers in the fraternity.
How about having a “Human-readable version”, like what Creative Commons License has? :D
I agree with you. I think it’s for us who are part of the IG to take it up and simplify further. But I do feel that these documents should not just remain as technical publications and shelved. Can a group of volunteers like us take it up and reach these issues to the actual end users of the internet? I am ready to volunteer.
Lets do it! You can reach me at [email protected] and I will brief you on the plan. (Got one in my head)
May take a ‘drop-down bullet’ approach adopt by Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability (google that).
Show simplified headings, click on a heading for more explanation bullets. And a click on ‘Read More’ for background papers full of references.
MANILA PRINCIPLES ON INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY https://www.manilaprinciples.org/
I support what Lokesh has purposed thus I would like to volunteer also
Conclusion section is needed.
A compiled list of actionable items/ or key takeaways…that summarises the discussion in the document for a quick scan. Point form. precise and objective.
Youth initiatives like yIGF, Netmission programs, various capacity building platforms to engage and encourage more and more youth to contribute to IG discussions. But necessary to highlight issues they face like the major problem is sustainability, funding, gender diversity especially in ASEAN.
Access issues in Asia are majorly driven by infrastructure and lack of basic facilities like electricity. Need to strengthen them first specially in remote terrains – Indonesia, Phillippines, India, etc in order to promote use of Internet.
People do not however, want to compromise freedom and speech for better access. Monopolisation of Internet by ISP’s or large telecom operators are detrimental to the pricing thus making internet access more affordable.
There are number of ways to provide a low cost access to the rural areas where major ISPs consider it not profitable. And they also offer net neutrality through that network infrastructure (e.g. community network). We should raise awareness to the government and locals. It is time to try bottom-up approach rather than top-down approach
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